A03

• What age do children typically show gender stereotyping according to Kohlberg?

  Around age 6
• What did William Damon (1977) ask children to comment on?

  A story about George playing with dolls
• How did the responses of four-year-olds differ from six-year-olds regarding George playing with dolls?

  Four-year-olds accepted it; six-year-olds rejected it
• What does the development of rigid stereotypes in children suggest?

  They have achieved gender constancy
• What did Kay Bussey and Albert Bandura (1999) find about children as young as four?

  They felt good about gender-appropriate toys
• How does Bussey and Bandura's finding contradict Kohlberg's theory?

  It suggests interest in gender roles starts earlier
• What is a limitation of Kohlberg's theory regarding research methods?

  It relies on unsatisfactory methods
• What did Sandra Bem (1989) criticize about the methodology in gender constancy studies?

  It confuses children about gender identification
• What did Bem demonstrate about children aged 3-5 years in her study?

  40% could show constancy with a naked photo
• What does Bem's finding suggest about testing gender constancy?

  It may misrepresent younger children's knowledge
• What do some researchers suggest about degrees of gender constancy?

  There may be different degrees of constancy
• What do Carol Martin et al. (2002) praise about Kohlberg's theory?

  It recognizes children's understanding of gender
• What do Martin et al. suggest about the timing of gender-related behavior development?

  It remains unclear when it affects behavior
• What do Martin et al. propose about the acquisition of gender constancy?

  It may be a gradual process starting earlier