A01

• What type of theory is Carol Martin and Charles Halverson's account?

  Cognitive-developmental theory
• How does gender schema theory view children's understanding of gender?

  It changes with age and is developmental
• What is the main difference between gender schema theory and social learning theory?

  Gender schema theory emphasizes active learning
• What is a schema in the cognitive approach?

  Mental constructs that organize knowledge
• How do gender schemas develop according to Martin and Halverson?

  They develop via experience and some are innate
• What do gender schemas represent?

  Generalized knowledge about gender
• When do children begin to search for information to develop gender schemas?

  Around the age of 2-3 years
• How does Martin and Halverson's view on gender identity differ from Kohlberg's view?

  Martin and Halverson say it starts at age 2-3
• What do gender schemas include according to Martin and Halverson?

  A wide range of behaviors and traits
• What stereotypes might young children form around gender schemas?

  Boys play with trucks, girls with dolls
• How do children misremember information related to gender schemas?

  They disregard information that doesn't fit
• What is ingroup information in the context of gender schemas?

  Information relevant to one's own gender
• When do children develop elaborate schemas for both genders?

  Around age 8
• How does ingroup identity affect a child's self-esteem?

  It bolsters the child's self-esteem
• What role does attention play in children's understanding of gender schemas?

  Children pay more attention to ingroup information