A03

• What is one limitation of brain sex theory?

  Its central claims have been challenged
• What did Hillere Hulshoff Pol et al. (2006) study?

  Changes in transgender individuals' brains
• What method did Hillere Hulshoff Pol et al. use in their study?

  MRI scans during hormone treatment
• What significant change was observed in the BST during the study by Hulshoff Pol et al.?

  The size of the BST changed significantly
• What did the studies by Kruijver et al. and Zhou et al. examine?

  The BST post-mortem after hormone treatment
• What does the evidence suggest about the BST and hormone therapy?

  Differences may be effects of hormone therapy
• What is one strength of the evidence regarding brain differences and gender dysphoria?

  Other brain differences may be associated
• What aspect of the brain did Giuseppina Rametti et al. (2011) study?

  White matter in the brain
• What did Rametti et al. analyze in their study?

  Brains of male and female transgender individuals
• When did Rametti et al. analyze the brains of transgender individuals?

  Before hormone treatment began
• What did Rametti et al. find regarding white matter in transgender individuals?

  It corresponded more to their identified gender
• What does the evidence from Rametti et al. suggest about transgender individuals' brains?


  There are early differences in their brains
• What does BST stand for in the context of brain studies?

  Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
• What is hormone therapy used for in transgender individuals?

  Treatment for gender dysphoria
• What is gender dysphoria?

  Discomfort with biological sex
• What imaging technique did Hillere Hulshoff Pol et al. use?

  MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
• What do post-mortem studies involve?

  Examining tissues after death
• What are sexually dimorphic aspects of the brain?

  Differences in brain structure by sex
• What does white matter consist of?

  Myelinated axons in the brain
• Why is the study by Rametti et al. significant?

  It shows early brain differences in transgender individuals