Unit 3 AP World

• The Gunpowder empires include the Russian, Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires
• new monarchies at the time included the Tudors in England, the Valois in France, and Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand in Spain
• Russia was in between Europe and Russia but was centralized in Europe because that is where the capital was
• Ivan the Terrible took control of the Mongols Khanates and converted people in Siberia to Orthodox Christianity
• the Yuan Dynasty stabilized China
• the Manchu created the Qing dynasty and rebuilt the wall for protection
• Emperor Kangxi conquered Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia
• Emperor Qianlong was a poet and calligraphist, and had high taxes
• the Qing dynasty allowed limited trading privileges to Europe for funding
• all of the islamic gunpowder empires descended from Turkish nomads
• Tamerlane invaded central Asia and middle east
• the ghazi ideal wa the model for warrior life
• Tamerlane set the stage for gunpowder empires
• the Ottoman empire was founded by the Osman Dynasty
• Mehmed II sieged Constantinople and turned it into Istanbul
• Mehmed II attacked Venice and forced them to pay him a tax
• Suleman I captured the Island of Rhodes and Thipoli and caused fear in Europe
• the Safavids lacked a navy and natural defenses
• Ismail conquered most of Persia and was named the shah of the Safavids
• Shah Abbas I stated that shahs control the religion and the military
• the Safavids had conflict over trade routes with the Ottomans because they were different types of Islam
• the Safavids were Shi'a Islam
• Babur founded Mughal India and Akbar reached the religious and political goals
• the Mughal empire used the Caste System
• the Islamic gunpowder empires did not modernize their military which led to their fall
• the Ottoman empire was known as the sick man of Europe during its decline
• the Safavids declines due to ineffectual leaders and Sunni rebellions
• the Mughals declined due to corruption and uprisings from minority religions
• The divine right of kings was used in Europe to legitimize rule
• The Justices of the Peace maintained peace in England
• William and Mary signed the English bill of rights which gave people individual civil rights
• France practiced absolutism
• Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu created the system of intendants in France
• The system of intendants allowed royal officials to control the local administration and collect taxes. This was known as tax farming
• in the Russian empire the boyars were at the top of the hierarchy
• Louis XIV was a virtual dictator who claimed that he was the state
• ivan the terrible made the boyars move to Moscow to keep an eye on them
• Ivan made the oprichnina force which was a loyal secret police
• Peter the great created the Romanov dynasty and split Russia into three groups- the church, the boyars, and the peasants
• peter the great put the Streltsy (boyars) into the military when they rebelled