A03

• What is one strength of the top-down approach in profiling offenders?

  Support for a distinct organised category
• What was the purpose of David Canter et al.'s (2004) analysis?

  To test the organised-disorganised typology
• How many US murders were analyzed by Canter et al. (2004)?

  100 murders
• What statistical technique did Canter et al. use in their analysis?

  Smallest space analysis
• What was assessed in the analysis of serial killings?

  The co-occurrence of 39 aspects of serial killings
• What are some aspects included in the analysis of serial killings?

  Torture, restraint, concealment of body
• What did the analysis reveal about the FBI's typology for organised offenders?

  It matched a subset of features in serial killings
• What is a counterpoint to the organised-disorganised typology?

  They are not mutually exclusive types
• What does Maurice Godwin (2002) argue about classifying killers?

  Killers may have multiple contrasting characteristics
• How does the organised-disorganised typology function according to the counterpoint?

  It is probably more of a continuum
• What is another strength of top-down profiling?

  It can be adapted to other crimes
• What crime has top-down profiling recently been applied to?

  Burglary
• What was the result of applying top-down profiling to burglary?

  85% rise in solved cases
• What new categories were added to the organised-disorganised distinction in burglary profiling?

  Interpersonal and opportunistic
• What does the interpersonal category in burglary profiling imply?

  Offender knows their victim
• What does the opportunistic category in burglary profiling imply?

  Generally inexperienced young offender
• What is one limitation of top-down profiling?

  The evidence on which it is based
• How was FBI profiling developed?

  Using interviews with 36 murderers
• How many of the interviewed murderers were classified as organised offenders?

  24 individuals
• How many of the interviewed murderers were classified as disorganised offenders?

  12 individuals
• What criticism did Canter et al. have regarding the FBI's sample?

  The sample was not random or large
• What was a flaw in the interviews conducted by the FBI?

  No standard set of questions was used
• What does the lack of standard questions in FBI interviews suggest?

  Results are not comparable
• What does the evidence suggest about top-down profiling?

  It does not have a sound, scientific basis
• What is the central concept of the top-down approach?

  The organised-disorganised typology
• In what year did Canter et al. conduct their analysis?

  2004
• What does the FBI's typology for organised offenders include?

  Specific features of serial killings
• Why is the organised-disorganised typology criticized?

  It may not apply to all murder scenes
• What does the success of top-down profiling in burglary suggest?

  It has wider application than assumed
• What is a key limitation of the FBI's profiling method?

  It was based on a limited sample
• What does the lack of standardization in FBI interviews imply?

  Results may not be comparable