A03

• What is one strength of Lombroso's work?

  It changed the study of crime.
• Who is referred to as the 'father of modern criminology'?

  Lombroso
• What term did Lombroso coin?

  Criminology
• How did Lombroso shift the emphasis in crime research?

  From moralistic to scientific positions.
• What did Lombroso suggest about individuals and crime?

  Individuals are not to blame for crime.
• What did Lombroso's theory contribute to criminology?

  It heralded the beginning of offender profiling.
• What is a counterpoint to Lombroso's legacy?

  His legacy may not be entirely positive.
• What did critics highlight about Lombroso's work?

  It had racist undertones.
• What features did Lombroso identify as atavistic?

  Curly hair and dark skin.
• What view did Lombroso's work suggest about Africans?

  They were more likely to be offenders.
• What did Goring's research conclude about offenders?

  Offenders are not a distinct group physically.
• How many offenders did Goring compare in his study?

  3000 offenders
• What did Goring suggest about many criminals?

  They have lower-than-average intelligence.
• What limitation is associated with Lombroso's methods?

  They were poorly controlled.
• What important aspect did Lombroso fail to control in his research?

  Important variables within his research.
• What did Lombroso not compare in his research?

  His offender sample with a non-offender group.
• What social conditions have been linked to crime?

  Poverty and poor educational outcomes.
• What does research suggest about crime rates in certain groups?

  They may be explained by social conditions.
• What does Lombroso's research fail to meet?

  Modern scientific standards.