A01

• What are the neural differences suggested between offenders and non-offenders?

  There may be neural differences in their brains
• What is antisocial personality disorder (APD) associated with?

  Reduced emotional responses and lack of empathy
• What was antisocial personality disorder formerly referred to as?

  Psychopathy
• How does APD characterize many convicted offenders?

  It is a condition that many offenders have
• Who conducted studies on the APD brain?

  Adrian Raine
• What did Adrian Raine report about brain-imaging studies of individuals with APD?

  They have reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex
• What part of the brain is associated with emotional behavior?

  Prefrontal cortex
• What reduction in grey matter volume did Raine and colleagues find in people with APD?

  11% reduction compared to controls
• What did recent research suggest about offenders with APD and empathy?

  They can experience empathy sporadically
• What did Christian Keysers find about empathy reactions in offenders with APD?

  They activate when asked to empathize
• How does the empathy reaction of APD individuals differ from that of 'normal' brains?

  APD individuals have a neural 'switch' that can be turned on and off
• What are mirror neurons responsible for in the brain?

  Empathy reactions
• What are the key characteristics of antisocial personality disorder (APD)?

  • Reduced emotional responses
  • Lack of empathy for others
  • Associated with many convicted offenders
• What are the findings of Adrian Raine's studies on APD brains?

  • Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex
  • 11% reduction in grey matter volume compared to controls
  • Several dozen brain-imaging studies support these findings
• How do empathy reactions in offenders with APD differ from those in non-offenders?

  • APD individuals experience empathy sporadically
  • Empathy reactions activate only when prompted
  • Normal brains have a constant empathy reaction