A01

• What is the main purpose of custodial sentencing?

  To punish offenders by having them spend time in prison or another closed institution
• What are the four main reasons for custodial sentencing?

  Deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation
• What is the purpose of general deterrence in custodial sentencing?

  To send a broad message to society that crime will not be tolerated
• What is the purpose of individual deterrence in custodial sentencing?

  To prevent the individual offender from repeating the same offences
• What is the purpose of incapacitation in custodial sentencing?

  To take the offender out of society to prevent them from reoffending and protect the public
• What is the purpose of retribution in custodial sentencing?

  To enact revenge on the offender by making them suffer proportionately to their crime
• What is the purpose of rehabilitation in custodial sentencing?

  To reform the offender and help them reintegrate into society upon release
• What are the three main psychological effects associated with serving time in prison?

  Stress and depression, institutionalisation, and prisonisation
• What is the meaning of the term "recidivism"?

  Reoffending by ex-prisoners after their release from prison
• What is the typical recidivism rate in the UK within one year of release?

  Around 45%
• How do recidivism rates vary across different countries?

  Rates can exceed 60% in the US, Australia, and Denmark, but may be as low as 20% in Norway
• What are the key differences between the approaches to custodial sentencing in the UK and Norway?

  • UK: Greater emphasis on incarceration and punishment
  • Norway: Greater emphasis on rehabilitation and skills development
  • UK: Recidivism rates around 45%
  • Norway: Recidivism rates as low as 20%
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative research methods?

  Strengths:

  • Provides in-depth, rich data
  • Flexible and adaptable to new information
  • Captures complex phenomena

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Time-consuming and labor-intensive
  • Potential for researcher bias
  • Limited generalizability
  • Difficulty in replicating results
• How does photosynthesis work in plants?

  Process of photosynthesis:

  1. Light absorption by chlorophyll
  2. Light-dependent reactions: water splits, electrons excited
  3. Electron transport chain: ATP and NADPH produced
  4. Calvin cycle (light-independent reactions):

  • CO2 fixation
  • Reduction of fixed carbon
  • Regeneration of RuBP

  1. Glucose and other carbohydrates synthesized
• What are the steps of the scientific method?

  1. Ask a question
  2. Do background research
  3. Construct a hypothesis
  4. Test the hypothesis by doing an experiment
  5. Analyze the data and draw a conclusion
  6. Communicate the results
• What are the main components of the cell membrane?

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Proteins (integral and peripheral)
  • Cholesterol
  • Carbohydrates (in glycoproteins and glycolipids)