A03

• What is the main issue with independent groups design?

  Different participant variables across groups
• How can participant variables affect the validity of findings in independent groups design?

  They may act as confounding variables
• What method do researchers use to address participant variable issues in independent groups design?

  Random allocation
• Why are independent groups designs considered less economical than repeated measures?

  They require more participants for equivalent data
• What is a strength of using independent groups design?

  Order effects are not a problem
• How do independent groups designs help with guessing the aims of the study?

  Participants are less likely to guess aims
• What is the main issue with repeated measures design?

  Order effects from performing multiple tasks
• How can order effects impact repeated measures design?

  They can cause fatigue or practice effects
• What is a method used to deal with order effects in repeated measures design?

  Counterbalancing
• Why might participants guess the aim of a study in repeated measures design?

  They experience all conditions of the experiment
• What is a strength of using repeated measures design?

  Higher validity due to controlled participant variables
• What is a key feature of matched pairs design?

  Participants only take part in a single condition
• What is a limitation of matched pairs design regarding participant variables?

  Participants can never be matched exactly
• What is a potential drawback of matching participants in matched pairs design?

  It can be time-consuming and expensive
• What is a common issue with using identical twins as matched pairs?

  Important differences may still exist
• Why might matched pairs design be considered less economical?

  It may require pre-tests for matching