Respiratory patho

• What is acute bronchitis?

  Inflammation of the bronchial tubes
• What usually causes acute bronchitis?

  Viral infections
• Which viruses commonly cause acute bronchitis?

  Rhinovirus, influenza virus, RSV
• What is the role of cytokines in acute bronchitis?

  They cause swelling and increased mucus production
• How does increased mucus production affect the airways?

  It narrows the airways and leads to coughing
• What symptoms can result from airway obstruction in acute bronchitis?

  Coughing and wheezing
• What are the signs and symptoms of acute bronchitis?

  • Cough
  • Septum production
  • Chest discomfort
  • Shortness of breath
  • Low grade fever
• What is pneumonia?

  Acute inflammatory response in the lungs
• What happens to the alveoli during pneumonia?

  They become inflamed and accumulate pus
• How does inflammation in the alveolar space affect gas exchange?

  It compromises gas exchange efficiency
• What are the types of pneumonia?

  • Community-acquired pneumonia
  • Hospital-acquired pneumonia
  • Aspiration pneumonia
  • Viral pneumonia
  • Fungal pneumonia
• What is community-acquired pneumonia?

  Pneumonia acquired outside healthcare facilities
• Who is more likely to get community-acquired pneumonia?

  Older adults and those with weakened immune systems
• What are common symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia?

  Fever, cough, shortness of breath
• How is community-acquired pneumonia typically treated?

  With antibiotics and supportive care
• What is hospital-acquired pneumonia?

  Pneumonia developing after 48 hours in hospital
• Why is hospital-acquired pneumonia typically more severe?

  It is associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria
• What causes aspiration pneumonia?

  Inhalation of foreign materials into the lungs
• What are the signs and symptoms of aspiration pneumonia?

  • Cough
  • Shortness of breath
  • Wheezing
  • Confusion
• What is chronic bronchitis?

  Inflammation and narrowing of the airways
• What causes chronic bronchitis?

  Long-term exposure to irritants
• What is hypersecretion of mucus in chronic bronchitis?

  Excess mucus production with a productive cough
• How long must symptoms persist for a diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

  For 2 or more consecutive years
• What is cyanosis in chronic bronchitis?

  Bluish skin due to inadequate oxygenation
• What is clubbing of fingers?

  Enlargement and rounding of fingertips
• What is emphysema?

  Permanent enlargement of alveoli
• How does alveolar damage occur in emphysema?

  Chronic inflammation triggers enzyme release
• What happens to lung elasticity in emphysema?

  Loss of elasticity due to alveolar wall destruction
• What is airway collapse in emphysema?

  Compression of healthy lung tissue by bullae
• What are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?

  • Shortness of breath
  • Chronic cough
  • Wheezing
  • Barrel chest
  • Cyanosis
  • Pursed lip breathing
• What is asthma?

  Chronic respiratory condition with airway inflammation
• What triggers inflammation in asthma?

  Allergens, irritants, infections, exercise
• What is bronchoconstriction?

  Narrowing of the airway lumen
• What are the two categories of asthma triggers?

  • Intrinsic (non-allergic)
  • Extrinsic (allergic)
• What characterizes severe asthma?

  Frequent and severe asthma symptoms
• What are the red flags for life-threatening asthma?

  • Altered levels of consciousness
  • Exhaustion
  • Accessory muscle use
  • Minimal speech
  • Tripod position
  • Cyanosis
  • Silent chest
  • Poor respiratory effort
  • PEF < 33% of best predicted
  • SpO2 < 92%
• What is primary spontaneous pneumothorax?

  Pneumothorax in patients without known disease
• What causes primary spontaneous pneumothorax?

  Rupture of a subpleural air bleb
• What is secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?

  Pneumothorax in patients with existing disease
• What are common causes of secondary spontaneous pneumothorax?

  COPD, asthma, cystic fibrosis