Biochemistry

• Light is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoids of chloroplasts.
• NADPH is produced during photosynthesis as an intermediate product in the Calvin cycle.
• Carbon is the element of life
• Molecules that contain carbon are called organic molecules
• Molecules that don't contain carbon are called inorganic molecules
• Macromolecules: Large molecules that are made up of many smaller molecules.
• Key elements in cells: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), Sulfur (S).
• Macromolecules are large organic molecules
• Monomers are small molecules. Mono means one.
• Polymers are large molecules. Poly means many.
• Monomers make up polymers.
• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids are all macromolecules.
• Disaccharides are formed by joining two monosaccharide units together with glycosidic bonds.
• Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrate monomers.
• Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
• Sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose are examples of carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates provide energy to the cell.
• Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids, and waxes are examples of lipids
• Lipids store energy and are used for energy of there are no carbs available
• The function of insulation is to conserve heat in the body and prevent heat loss
• Phospholipids make up cell membranes
• Cholesterol is part of the cell membrane and helps to keep the cell rigid
• Lipids produce steroids such as testosterone and estrogen
• Nucleic acids contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.
• DNA and RNA are examples of nucleic acids
• The monomer of the lipids is fatty acids and glycerol
• The monomer of the nucleic acids is a nucleotide. Nucleotides contain 3 parts: a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
• The function of the nucleic acids is to store and transmit genetic information
• Genes: Directions to make proteins
• DNA: Directions to make proteins. The type of protein make determines the function of the cell.
• Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (depending)
• Digestive enzymes, insulin, collagen, antibodies, and muscles are examples of proteins
• The monomer of the proteins are amino acids.
• There are 20 types of amino acids
• Amino acids join peptide bonds to create 3-D porteins
• According to the shape of a protein, it has a specific function.
• Functions of the proteins include transport, the building block of the cell, control RXN rates, regulation of the cell, fighting diseases, contractile proteins (muscle contractions), and maintaining the cell.
• Enzymes are a kind of protein that can catalyze a chemical reaction.
• Enzymes speed up chemical reactions