Cell cycle + cell specialisation

• What are specialized cells?

  Cells that perform specific functions
• What is the process by which cells become specialized?

  Differentiation
• What types of organisms have specialized cells?

  Complex organisms like animals and plants
• How many types of specialized cells are there in humans?

  Around 200 types
• What is the role of a sperm cell?

  To deliver genetic material to an egg cell
• Why does a sperm cell have half the genetic material of a normal cell?

  To combine with the egg's genetic material
• What adaptation helps sperm cells swim?

  The tail-like structure called a flagellum
• Why do sperm cells have many mitochondria?

  To provide energy for swimming
• What do sperm cells use to penetrate the egg cell?

  Digestive enzymes
• What is a key characteristic of specialized cells?

  They have specific shapes and structures
• How do red blood cells and nerve cells differ?

  They have different shapes and structures
• What is differentiation?

  The process by which cells become specialized
• What is the starting point of human life?

  A single cell called a zygote
• What happens to the zygote during development?

  It divides by mitosis into multiple cells
• What occurs after the initial cell divisions?

  The cells are all identical and not specialized
• What does differentiation involve?

  Changing shape, structure, and organelle composition
• What are stem cells?

  Cells that can divide and differentiate
• What are the adaptations of sperm cells for their function?

  • Half the genetic material
  • Tail for swimming
  • Streamlined shape
  • Many mitochondria for energy
  • Digestive enzymes for penetrating the egg
• What is the relationship between cell structure and function in specialized cells?

  • Specialized cells have unique shapes
  • Structures are adapted for specific roles
  • Different organelles are present based on function
• What is the process of differentiation in human development?

  1. Starts as a zygote
  2. Divides by mitosis
  3. Cells remain identical initially
  4. Undergo differentiation to become specialized
• What resources are available for further learning on this topic?

  • Learning platform with videos
  • Practice questions
  • Progress tracking
  • Playlist of related videos
• What is the main focus of the video?

  The role of chromosomes in cell division
• Why do multicellular eukaryotic organisms need new cells?

  For growth, development, and repair
• What is the process through which new cells are generated called?

  The cell cycle
• What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

  Growth, DNA replication, and mitosis
• What happens during the first step of the cell cycle?

  The cell grows and increases subcellular structures
• What occurs during DNA replication in the cell cycle?

  The DNA is duplicated for new cells
• How does DNA appear when a cell is not dividing?

  It is spread out in long strings
• What happens to DNA when a cell prepares for division?

  It condenses into chromosomes
• What do chromosomes contain?

  A large number of genes
• How many copies of each chromosome do eukaryotic cells have?

  Two copies, one from each parent
• How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

  23 pairs
• Why can't animals of different species reproduce fertile offspring?

  They have different numbers of chromosomes
• What shape do duplicated chromosomes take?

  An X shape
• What is the significance of the right and left arms of a chromosome?

  They are duplicates of each other
• What happens to chromosomes during cell division?

  They line up along the center of the cell
• What attaches to the chromosomes during division?

  Fibers from either side of the cell
• What do the fibers do during cell division?

  They pull the arms of the chromosomes apart
• What is the final stage of the cell cycle called?

  Cytokinesis
• What happens during cytokinesis?

  The cell membrane and cytoplasm pull apart