criticisms

• Jackson 2006: Huntington's work as an example of orientalism that stereotypes Eastern nations and people as untrustworthy and the ‘other’, serves to justify exploitation and human rights abuses of the West
• Casanova 2005: Huntington’s view is simplistic and ignores religious divisions with the ‘civilisations’ he identifies such as Sunni and Shi’a Islam. 
• Horrie and Chippindale 2007: ‘clash of civilisations’ grossly misleading neocon ideology that portrays the whole of Islam as an enemy. In reality only a tiny minority of the world’s 1.5 billion muslims interested in a ‘holy war’. 
• Armstrong 2001; 2015: hostility towards the West does not stem from fundamentalist Islam but a reaction to Western foreign policy in the Middle East. The West has propped up oppressive regimes and continues to support Israel despite its aggressive treatment of Palestinians. 
• Inglehart and Norris 2011: using World Values Survey, issue that divides the West and the East is not democracy but gender and sexuality. No global agreement surrounding self-expression.