LEARNING

• The process of learning is the acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, instruction, or study.
• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior.
• Behavior changes with experiences.
• Learning is growth. Both structural and functional
• Learning is adjustment- learners adjusts to new situation
• Learning is purposeful- it is goal-oriented.
• Learning is a result of experience-the synthesis of old experience with the new.
• Learning is active- it involves the learner, learning material, and learning situation
• Learning is intelligent-it is done properly and systematically
• Learning is both individual and social- socialization
• Learning is the product of environment-physical, social, emotional and intellectual
• Learning affects the conduct of behavior- modification of behavior
• Non-associative learning- the repeated exposure to a single stimulus
• Habituation-a reduction in reponse after repeated exposure to a single stimulus
• Sensitization- repeated exposexposure to a single stimulus increases the intensity of the response
• Classial conditioning

  • Simplest of all forms of learning
  • Ivan Pavlov
  • Learning by association
  • Involves pairing a stimulus to produce a desired response
• • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- naturally triggers a response
  • Unconditioned Response (UCR )- naturally occurs in response to UCS
  • Neutral Stimulus- doesn't initially trigger a reponse on its own
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- a stimulus that was once neutral but now leads to a response
  • Conditioned Response (CR)- a learned response is created
• Operant Conditioning/ Instrumental Conditioning

  • Learning through the use of rewards and punishments
  • Burrhus F. Skinner
• Positive Reinforcement - the response is strengthened and will more likely to be repeated

  Negative Reinforcement- response if strengthened by the removal of something unpleasant

  Positive Punishment- negative consequence in order to weaken the response

  Negative Punishment- a favorable event is removed
• Continuous reinforcement is a type of reinforcement where a reward is delivered every time a response occurs, with an extinction rate that occurs very quickly once the reward is stopped.
• Fixed-rate schedule is a type of reinforcement where rewards are reinforced only after a specific number of responses, leading to a fairly steady rate, such as the delivery of a reward for every 5th response.
• Fixed-interval schedule is a type of reinforcement where reinforcement occurs only after a certain interval of time has elapsed, resulting in a fairly steady rate.
• Variable-ratio schedule is a type of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable number of responses, resulting in a steady high response rate and a slow extinction rate, such as in gambling and lottery games.
• Variable-fixed schedule is a type of reinforcement where a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed, resulting in a fast response rate and a slow extinction rate, such as in the stock market.
• • Aversive Conditioning- there's a negnegative outcome, so you avoit it
  • Stimulus Generalization- the tendency for the CS to evoke similar reponse after the reponse has been conditioned
  • Stimulus Discrimination- the ability to distinguish stimulus from one another.
• Social Learning / Observational Learning

  • Learning by imitation/observation
  • Albert Bandura
  • Stimulus and response is mediated by cognition
  • Behavior is learned through the process of observation
• COGNITIVE

  • Attention- behavior is imitated if it grabs our interest
  • Retention- social learning is not always immediate

  INFORMATION

  • Reproduction- ability of the observe to perform the behavior done by the model
  • Motivation- you have to be motivated to imitate the behavior
• Insightful Learning

  • Sudden understanding of the relation between a problem and a solution
  • "AHA" experience
  • Kohler Wolfgang
  • the carry over/ transfer of previously rearrangement to a new situation
• Multiple Reponse Learning

  • Acquiring patterns/ sequences of movements or words
  • Ex. Microsoft Excel, sewing, editing