Glycolysis

• What is Glycolysis?


  It is a process wherein a big sugar molecule (glucose) gets broken down into smaller parts called pyruvate.
• It is also the first step in turning food into energy. 


  Glycolysis
• Where does Glycolysis take place?


  Cytosol
• What is something that is not needed in the process of Glycolysis?


  Oxygen
• How many steps does Glycolysis take?


  10 steps
• What are the two main parts of Glycolysis?


  Energy-needing part and energy-release part
• What happens in the energy-needing part?


  2 phosphate groups will be added to the starting glucose molecule. This transformed sugar splits into smaller sugar with the help of 2 ATP.
• What happens in the energy-release part?


  For each glucose molecule, the transformed sugar will be converted again to smaller ones, which are called pyruvate. Giving us the product of four ATP and two NADH.
• What is the end result of Glycolysis?


  From big glucose molecules, Glycolysis will turn this into pyruvate. The final product is two gained ATP (four made, two used) and two NADH.
• What is the first step of Glycolysis?


  The first step is called the Phosphorylation of glucose which turns it into glucose-6-phosphate.
• When does Isomeration or the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate into its isomer or fructose-6-phosphate occur?


  Step 2
• What happens in the 3rd step of Glycolysis?


  the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate will transform it into fructose-1,6-biphosphate
• What happens in step 4 of glycolysis?


  fructose-1,6-biphosphate is split into 3 carbon molecules; DHAP and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
• What stage or step in glycolysis does the isomerization of DHAP or the conversion of DHAP to another molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate happen?


  Step 5
• What happens in step 6 of glycolysis?


  oxidation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate forming 1,3-biphosphoglycerate while reducing NAD+ to NADH.
• Step in glycolysis in which ATP production occurs; 1,3-biphosphoglycerate donates phosphate group to ADP producing ATP and forming 3-phosphoglycerate 


  Step 7
• What happens in step 8 of glycolysis?


  isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
• What is an isomer?


  Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
• This is the step where 2-phosphoglycerate loses a water molecule, to become PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate). 


  Step 9 (water elimination)
• This is the last step, wherein PEP donates a phosphate group to ADP, producing ATP and forming pyruvate


  Step 10
• How many steps are there in energy-needing?


  Steps 1-5
• How many steps are there in energy-releasing?


  Steps 6-10
• What are the 10 Enzymes needed in the process of Glycolysis?(He Put the PHOne And TRIed to Get the Plastic Plate to Eat Pie)


  Hexokinase, Phosphoglucose Isomerase, Phosphofructokinase-1, Aldolase, Triosephosphate Isomerase, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, Phosphoglycerate kinase, Phosphoglycerate mutase, Enolase, Pyruvate kinase
• What does hexokinase do in the process of glycolysis?


  Catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate, using ATP.
• What does Phosphoglucose Isomerase do in the process of glycolysis? 


  Converts glucose-6-phosphate to its isomer, fructose-6-phosphate.
• What does Phosphofructokinase-1 do in the process of glycolysis?


  Catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to form fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, using ATP. This is a key regulatory enzyme in glycolysis.
• What does Aldolase do in the process of glycolysis? 


  Splits fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into two three-carbon molecules: dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP).
• What does Triose Phosphate Isomerase do in the process of glycolysis?


  Converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) into another molecule of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP).
• What does Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate do in the process of glycolysis? 


  Catalyzes the oxidation and phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP), producing 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and reducing NAD+ to NADH.
• What does Phosphoglycerate Kinase do in the process of glycolysis? 


  Transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to ADP, producing ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate
• What does Phosphoglycerate Mutase do in the process of glycolysis? 


  Catalyzes the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to its isomer, 2-phosphoglycerate.
• What does Enolase do in the process of glycolysis?


  Converts 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) by removing water.
• What does Pyruvate Kinase do in the process of glycolysis? 


  Catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, producing ATP and forming pyruvate.