behaviourist approach

• The behaviorist approach rejected the vagueness of introspection and focused on observable events.
• classical conditioning

  Classical conditioning is learned by association.It occurs  when a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.
• classical conditioning pavlov

   investigated the salivary reflex in dogs, when he noticed that animals not only salivated when food was placed in their mouth but also reacted to the stimuli that coincided with the presentation of the foods e.g a food bowl. He explored the conditions under which type of learning this was most likely to occur.
• classical conditioning pavlov procedure

  A neutral stimulus which doesn’t trigger the UCR is presented shortly before the UCS.. After many pairings of NS+UCS , the NS is able to produce the same response in the absence of the UCS  and the NS(bell)  is now called the CS  and it produces a CR.
• pavlov timing

  if the neutral stimulus cannot be used to predict the unconditioned stimulus or the time interval between the two is too long  then conditioning does not take place.
• pavlov extinction

   Pavlov discovered that unlike the UCR the CR does not become permanently established.In the absence of the UCS it’s ability to produce the CR is lost.
• pavlov spontaneous recovery

  Following extinction,if the CS and the UCS are paired together again, the link between them is made much more quickly.
• pavlov stimulus generalisation

  Pavlov discovered that once an animal has been conditioned they will also respond to other stimuli that are similar to the CS.
• operant conditioning

  A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by the consequences(reinforcement or punishment).If a behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence than that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future.
• positive reinforcement

  Positive reinforcement occurs when behaviour produces a consequence that is pleasant.
• negative reinforcement

  Negative reinforcement occurs when a human avoids something unpleasant e.g  switching an alarm off to avoid hearing the noise.
• schedules of reinforcement

  although a continuous reinforcement schedule is most effective in establishing a response,a partial reinforcement schedule is more effective in maintaining the response and avoiding extinction.
• punishment

  refers to the circumstance whereby a behaviour is followed by a consequence that is unpleasant.It decreases the likelihood of the behaviour recurring.
• skinners box

  The skinner box investigated  operant conditioning in rats.When the rat accidentally pressed the lever a food pellet fell into the cage.If the food pellets stop the rat presses thet lever a few more times then abandons it (extinction)