Innate and adaptive Immunity

• immunity is also called resistance
• lack of immunity is referred to as susceptibility
• second line of defense of innate immunity includes natural killer cells, phagocytes, inflammation, fever, and antimicrobial substances
• fever is an example of innate immunity
• natural killer cells are a part of our innate immunity
• phagocytes are a part of our innate immunity
• inflammation is a part of our innate immunity
• keratin is a protective protein found in skin and is a physical factor of our innate defenses
• Keratin is found in the epithelial cells of the epidermis
• the dermis is the inner portion of skin. It is made of connective tissue
• shedding and dryness of the skin inhibits or encourages microbial growth?

  inhibits
• mucus is made of viscous (sticky) glycoproteins that trap microbes
• mucus prevents tracts from drying out
• lacrimal apparatus drains tears and washes the eyes
• the ciliary escalator moves microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs
• earwax can be a physical barrier and just prevents microbes from entering the ear.
• earwax as a chemical barrier has fatty acids that inhibit bacterial and fungal growth
• urine cleans the urethra via flow
• vaginal secretions can be physical barriers (move microbes out) or chemical (acidic)
• peristalsis, defacation, vomiting, and diarrhea are physical factors nof innate defenses
• gastric juices are a chemical factor of our innate defenses
• saliva is a chemical factor of our innate defenses
• perspiration is a chemical factor of our innate defenses
• sebum of the skin is a chemical factor of our innate defenses and has an acidic film that inhibits microbial growth
• plasma is 55% of blood
• formed elements make up 45% of blood
• formed elements include platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells
• neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are all white blood cells
• NLMEB - Most to least abundant white blood cells
• Plasma is made up of around 90% water
• the proteins in plasma include albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
• Granulocytes have what in their cytoplasm?

  Granules
• Are the granules of an agranulocyte visible with a light microscope?NO
• Neutrophils, Basophils, and Eosinophils are all?

  Granulocytes
• Neutrophils work in the early stages of infection.
• Neutrophils are phagocytic
• Basophils work in allergic responses
• Basophils release histamine (causes allergic responses like a runny nose)
• eosinophils are phagocytic and are toxic against parasites and helminths
• what are eosinophils toxic against?

  parasites and helminths