UTS group 2

• Anthropology is the study of humans, their origins, biological characteristics, cultural development, and social relationships that are based on the scientific method.
• Karl Marx opposed the imperial version of anthropology when it was at its strongest, the problem was socio-political.
• Karl Marx predicted that capitalism would eventually destroy itself as more people become relegated to working-class status, inequality rises, and competition drives corporate profits to zero.
• Karl Marx proposed a solution called communism, which gives everyone the freedom to choose in any useful way.
• Emile Durkheim was one of the first scholars to apply sociological methods to the study of human culture and society.
• Emile Durkheim saw modern society as a form of alienation of the individual; but for Durkheim, the alienation was caused by an enhanced sense of personal identity.
• The self in Confucian thought is dynamic, evolving and contrasts with the Western notion of a fixed inherent essence.
• The self in Confucian thought is embedded in relationships and can be developed through spiritual practices.
• Joseph Campbell, an anthropologist, viewed myths as hero- myths, focusing on male protagonists' growth and emancipation.
• Dorinne Kondo raised an important issue for selfhood in anthropology.
• Dorinne Kondo's fieldwork in Japan revealed that her selfhood intruded into her research, causing her to adopt the attitudes and views of her subjects, despite her objective knowledge of being Japanese.
• Thomas Csordas argued that the existence of a physical body is the cause of the existence of the self and that the existence of groups of bodies is the cause of culture.
• Claude Levi-Strauss believed the traditional state was preferable to the modern.
• Micro selves are the building blocks of personalities, including individual responses, thoughts, ideas, habits, as small as a physical or vocal tic or a repeated intrusive thought or emotion.
• The division of multiple selves is a concept in psychology.
• According to Bandura, humans, through their agency, are perceived as proactive agents of experiences.
• Agency is the ability of a human to influence one’s functioning and the course of events by one’s actions.
• The four functions through which human agency is exercised are: Intentionality, Forethought, Reactiveness, and Self-reflectiveness.
• Human functioning is a result of a reciprocal interplay among intrapersonal, behavioral, and environmental determinants.
• This triadic interaction includes self-influence as part of the causal structure.
• People from individualistic cultures are more likely to have an independent view of themselves, defining themselves based on their personal traits, and seeing their characteristics as relatively stable and unchanging.
• People from collectivistic cultures are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves, seeing themselves as connected to others, defining themselves in terms of relationships with others, and seeing their characteristics as more likely to change across different contexts.
• Individualistic culture is a community that prioritizes the individual over the collective group.
• Collectivist culture, in cross-cultural psychology, is a community that prioritizes the group over the individual.
• The social construct of the self in Western thought is the idea of forming oneself in habits and developing social interactions, reinforcing the idea that "What we do makes us who we are: I am what I do".
• Confucian thought posits that the self is not a fixed essence, but rather an ongoing process of moral development achieved through the practice of virtues like Jen (compassion), Yi (righteousness), Li (propriety), and Chih (wisdom).
• Being truly human, according to Confucianism, is not inherent at birth but is realized through dedicated effort in cultivating these virtues.
• The ultimate aim is to embody these virtues seamlessly, where they become ingrained in one's nature, transcending conscious effort and becoming an unconscious way of being.
• Our perceptions of ourselves shape our lives and are influenced by our cultural background.
• Psychological scientists have commonly assumed that Western cultures foster seeing oneself as independent from others, whereas the rest of the world's cultures foster seeing oneself as interdependent with others.
• The study of behavior and the mind is known as psychology.
• The self refers to an individual's experience as a single, autonomous, unitary being that includes physical consciousness, inner character, and emotional life.
• William James' concept of self includes the I-Self/Thinking Self, which mirrors the soul and mind, or what kind of person they are, and the Me-Self, which is based on personal experiences of a person.
• James grouped the various components of the empirical self into three subcategories: the material self, the social self, and the spiritual self.
• The material self refers to tangible objects, people, or places that carry the designation my or mine, and can be further subclassified into the bodily self and the extracorporeal (beyond the body) self.
• The social self refers to how we are regarded and recognized by others.
• James’s analysis of the social self was very broad.
• The spiritual self is our inner self or our psychological self, comprised of our self-perceived abilities, attitudes, emotions, interests, values, motives, opinions, traits, and wishes.
• Global differentiated models focus on the overall evaluation of one’s worth or value as a person.
• Differentiation is the process of freeing yourself from your family’s processes to define yourself.