atpmic structure

• What does the chemical properties of elements depend on?

  Their atomic structure
• What is the focus of this topic in chemistry?

  Exploring atomic structure and fundamental particles
• What are the fundamental particles in an atom?

  Protons, neutrons, and electrons
• How has the understanding of atomic structure changed over time?

  It has evolved with new evidence
• What was the first model of atomic structure?

  The billiard ball model
• What does the plum pudding model suggest about atoms?

  Atoms are solid lumps with electrons embedded
• What experiment led to the nuclear model of the atom?

  Rutherford's gold leaf experiment
• What does the Bohr model of the atom describe?

  Electrons arranged in energy levels
• What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom?

  Protons and neutrons
• What holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus?

  The strong nuclear force
• How many electrons equal the mass of one proton?

  1840 electrons
• What charge does a proton have?

  +1
• Why do atoms have no overall charge?

  Protons and electrons are equal in number
• What is the atomic number symbolized by?

  Z
• What does the mass number represent?

  Sum of protons and neutrons
• How do you calculate the number of neutrons?

  Mass number minus atomic number
• How many protons does fluorine have?

  9 protons
• What does an ion indicate about an atom?

  It has lost or gained electrons
• What is an isotope?

  Same protons, different neutrons
• How do isotopes of carbon react chemically?

  They react the same way due to electrons
• What is electron configuration?

  Arrangement of electrons around the nucleus
• How many electrons can the first shell hold?

  2 electrons
• How many electrons can the second shell hold?

  8 electrons
• How many electrons can the third shell hold?

  18 electrons
• What is the rule for the number of electrons in an energy level?

  2n squared, where n is the level
• What shape does the S orbital have?

  Spherical shape
• How many types of P orbitals are there?

  Three types
• How many electrons can the P sublevel hold?

  6 electrons
• How many electrons can the D sublevel hold?

  10 electrons
• What is the maximum number of electrons in the third energy level?

  18 electrons
• What is the first rule for placing electrons in orbitals?

  Fill lower energy levels first
• What is the second rule for placing electrons in orbitals?

  Fill orbitals singly before pairing
• How do you represent opposite spins of electrons?

  Using arrows pointing up and down
• How would you write the electron configuration for carbon?

  2, 4
• How would you write the electron configuration for lithium ion (Li+)?

  2+
• What are the key models of atomic structure in history?

  • Billiard ball model
  • Plum pudding model
  • Nuclear model
  • Bohr model
• What are the rules for electron configuration?

  1. Fill lower energy levels first
  2. Fill orbitals singly before pairing
  3. Two electrons per orbital
• What are the shapes of atomic orbitals?

  • S orbital: spherical
  • P orbitals: three types (px, py, pz)
  • D orbitals: five types
• What is the significance of isotopes in chemistry?

  • Same number of protons
  • Different number of neutrons
  • Reactivity governed by electrons
• What are the properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons?

  • Protons: +1 charge, mass of 1
  • Neutrons: 0 charge, mass of 1
  • Electrons: -1 charge, mass of 1/1840