Ultradian Rythms

• ultradian rythms are biological Rythms with a frequency of more than one cycle in 24 hours, eg: the stages of sleep.
• What was the aim of the study by Dement and Kleitman?

  To investigate eye movement patterns and dream recall
• What type of experiment did Dement and Kleitman conduct?

  Laboratory experiment with repeated measures
• How many adults participated in the study?

  9 adults
• What was the gender distribution of the participants?

  7 males and 2 females
• What preparations did participants undergo before sleep?

  They avoided alcohol and caffeine
• Where did the participants sleep during the study?

  In a dark, quiet room at the laboratory
• What equipment was used to monitor the participants' sleep?

  Electrodes attached to their scalp
• What does EEG stand for?

  Electroencephalogram
• What was the purpose of the EEG in the study?

  To record brain waves and identify sleep stages
• What does EOG stand for?

  Electrooculogram
• What was the purpose of the EOG in the study?

  To record eye movements
• How were participants awakened during the study?

  During different stages of sleep (REM or NREM)
• What were participants asked after being awakened?

  If they were dreaming and to describe it
• What additional information were participants asked to estimate?

  The dream's length (5 or 15 minutes)
• How does the study by Dement and Kleitman contribute to our understanding of sleep and dreams?

  It links eye movements to dream recall and sleep stages
• What percentage of dream recall occurs in REM sleep?

  80%
• What percentage of dream recall occurs in NREM sleep?

  7%
• How accurately could participants estimate the length of their dreams?

  Participants could estimate accurately
• What was the accuracy of estimating a 5-minute REM dream?

  88% accurate
• What was the accuracy of estimating a 15-minute REM dream?

  78% accurate
• What are the eye movement patterns linked to dream content?

  • Vertical movement: Up-and-down actions (e.g., climbing)
  • Horizontal movement: Side-to-side actions (e.g., watching)
  • Mixed movements: Active dreams with people close
• What does vertical eye movement indicate in dreams?

  Dreams involving up-and-down actions
• What does horizontal eye movement indicate in dreams?

  Dreams involving side-to-side actions
• What do mixed eye movements in dreams suggest?

  Active dreams involving people close