cold war

• Define Communism


  - One party state

  - Wealth distributed

  - Government run
• Define Capitalism


  - Democratic state (many parties)

  - Wealth not distributed

  - Profits go to company's and people not the government
• When did the Grand Alliance form?

  22nd June 1941
• What was the Grand Alliance?

  Britain, USA and USSR.

  The superpowers met over 3 conferences to discuss what they were going to do at the end of WW2
• When was the Tehran conference?

  November 1943 (during the war)
• What was discussed at the Tehran conference?

  -A 'second front' would open in France in May 1944 (an attack on Germany)

  - This would ease pressure on the Eastern front where the Soviet was struggling

  - Germans would have to stop fighting the Soviet Union

  - USSR join war with Japan

  - Poland receives land from Germany, Soviet Union should keep seized land from Poland in 1939 (Very important to Stalin, whose ultimate aim was to secure his western border after the war)

  - International body should be set up
• What happened with the tension at the Tehran Conference?

  Increased tension between USA and Britain(Churchill) as Roosevelt saw British colonialism more of a threat than Soviets. There was a good relationship between USA and USSR (due to agreement on opening 'second front' in a particular area)- possible BIG 3 will become BIG 2.
• When was the Yalta Conference?

  February 1945 (2 years after Tehran)
• What were the main agreements at the Yalta Conference?

  - Germany split into 4 zones (USA, Britain, France and USSR)

  - Germany would pay £20 billion in reoperations - 50% to USSR

  - Free elections for previously Nazi occupied countries
• When was the Potsdam Conference? And new leaders?


  July-August 1945

  - Harry Truman (USA) , Clement Atlee (GB) and Stalin (USSR)
• What were the events and agreements at the Potsdam conference?

  - USA tested an Atomic Bomb in 1946 (Truman wanted to intimidate)

  - Arms Race started

  - Berlin now divided into 4 as well (Starlin had the Berlin section)

  - USSR can take industrial output from every zone - 25% (had poorest zone)

  - Red Army controlled Eastern Europe
• How did Winston Churchill describe the divide that would form in Europe?


  'An Iron Curtain
• What happened in 1946? and describe

  - Novikov telegram

  - Sent by Nikalai Novikov (Soviet diplomat)

  Said:

  - The USA wanted to use their massive military power to dominate the world

  - He believed that since Roosevelt's death, the American's no longer wanted to co-operate with the USSR and the American people would support the government if this led to war.
• What happened in response to Novikov Telegram in 1946?

  - The Long Telegram

  - Sent by George Kennan (American ambassador)

  Said:

  - Starlin wanted to see the destruction of Capitalism and he felt the world outside the USSR was hostile and looking to destroy Communism

  - Soviet Union was not suicidal, so if faced with strong resistance they would back down
• When was the creation of the satellite states in Eastern Europe?

  1946 -> to the end on the Cold War
• Why did Stalin claim what the USSR needed the satellite states?

  To act as a buffer zone for the USSR
• When was the Truman Doctrine created?

  March 12th 1947
• What was the Truman Doctrine?

  It was a policy which stated that the US would give aid to any country threatened by communism. It most notably gave support to Greece as they were the most 'vulnerable' to Communism
• When was the Marshall Plan introduced?

  June 1947
• What was the Marshall Plan?

  the economic recovery package of aid from the United States to western Europe after World War II, so they can rebuild themselves

  - $400 mil = Greece + Turkey

  
  

  spent $13 billion rebuilding europe
• What effect had the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan have on International relations from 1947/

  - Grand Alliance was gone = USA clearly vs. USSR

  - Stalin's suspicions on the West reinforced. He believed he now had evidence that the USA was trying to crush the USSR

  - Marshall Plan successfully tied Western Europe countries into supporting USA
• When was Cominform set up?

  1947
• What was Cominform?


  - Organisation of Communist parties (Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, France and Italy)

  - Gave Stalin a way of directly communicating and controlling the governments of the satellite states.

  - Not allowed to accept the Marshall Plan
• When was Comecon set up?

  25th January 1949
• What was Comecon?


  - Stalin's alternative of the Marshall Plan:

  Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Soviet response to Marshall Plan. Stalin claimed it was set up to help other communist countries, but really he used it to control the satellite states economy.

  - Members: USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, East Germany and Albania joined in 1950
• What key events happened in March 1948 and June 1948? - Stalin's reaction?


  -Trizona was created (USA, GB and France sections of Germany - including Berlin- combined)

  - Trizona got it's own currency (Deutschmark)

  - Stalin was angry as USSR was left out and two Germany's were created. Stalin refused to let anyone through this section to get to Berlin (Berlin Blockade - 24th June), so they had to fly all supplies over the USSR section (Berlin Airlift 28th - 12th May), Stalin wanted to shoot them down but couldn't seem like the aggressor, so let them be. (Estimated that 2mil planes landed every 3 mins)
• When was NATO formed?

  April 1949
• What was NATO?


  -North Atlantic Treaty Organization

  - The main aim was to prevent Soviet and Communist expansion
• When was the Warsaw Pact formed?

  May 1955
• What was the Warsaw Pact?

  It was the alliance of the Eastern European nations to almost balance the NATO (which the Allied nations had been a part of) (Stalin's version of NATO)
• What brought the Hungarian Uprising?

  - Khrushchev wanted to 'de-Stalinise' the satellite states as they had been forced into Communism

  - In 1956 there was an uprising in Poland (USSR threatened to intervene, but in the end let the government follow communism in their own way) which encouraged other states to consider revolt
• Who led the Hungarian Uprising as Prime Minister?

  Imre Nagy
• What did Nagy announce in November 1956?

  That Hungary would withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and hold free - elections - ending communism there.
• What are features of the Hungarian Uprising?

  - There were protests of lack of fuel and freedom (Nagy took over)

  - Nagy announced reforms

  - 4th Nov = Soviet tanks invaded (1,000), Hungary begged for help but no one came

  - 20,000 Hungarians killed.

  - Soviets gained control again with Janos Kadar in charge who eventually took over from Imre Nagy as prime minister, ensuring loyalty to USSR

  - Nagy was captured, arrested and hanged.
• When was the 'thaw' in the cold war? (thawing of tension)

  1953-1960

  (relationship between USSR and west got 'less cold' and 'thawed
• What happened during the Arms Race?

  -1945 = USA develops an Atomic Bomb

  -1949 = Soviet Union develops an Atomic Bomb

  -1952 = USA test a Hydrogen Bomb

  -1953 = Soviet Union tests a Hydrogen Bomb

  -1957 = USA tests an Inter-continental Ballistic missile

  -1957 = Soviet Union makes first successful Inter-continental Ballistic missile launch
• What were the consequences of the Hungarian Uprising?

  - Eisenhower sympathetic, offered no support

  - NATO nations took in Hungarian refugees

  - Eisenhower feared that an attack on a Soviet satellite could result in a nuclear war

  - People critical of USA = went backing up policy of containment

  - Khrushchev became stronger

  - USA and USSR relations = tense
• When did the Berline Crisis: Refugee Problem begin?

  Late 1950s, before '61
• How many refugees fled to West Berlin from East Berlin a day before '61?

  2000
• What was Khrushchev worried about with the refugees?

  He was losing skilled workers