Unit 2

• Life stages:

  Infancy: 0-2 years

  Childhood: 3-12 years

  Adolescence: 13-19 years

  Adulthood: 20-64 years

  Later adulthood: 65+ years
• Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE's): Traumatic events children can be exposed too whilst growing up but are remember through adulthood. Increases chances of individuals developing diseases and adopting health harming behaviours.
• Behaviour that challenges: Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD), Tourette's syndrome, Autistic spectrum disorders.
• Economic factors: Economic status, home environment
• Educational experiences: Support and guidance through education, level of education.
• Lifestyle choices: Use of technology, smoking, substance misuse, involvement in crime, influence of others e.g. Role models.
• Life event: Predictable and unpredictable; positive and negative experiences.
• Mental Health: Mental illness, eating disorders, depression, anxiety.
• Physical factors: Physcial activity, Physcial health, nutrition and hydrathydration , conditions prevalent in Wales, accidents, Physcial disabilities, long-term and life-limiting conditions.
• Social factors: Family structure, culture, religion, social networks and support.
• Long term impact of factors affecting human growth and development across the lifespan:

  Anxiety

  Attachment

  Broading of experience

  Depression

  More able and talented- exceeding milestones

  Non-achievement of expected milestones

  Stigma

  Transition

  Trauma
• Approach 1:

  Encouraging individuals to take part in theraputic and recreational activities within the local community and to increase social networks e.g. community arte and creative activities.
• Approach 2:

  Engaging individuals to be responsible for their own physical health and wellbeing by making lifestyle changes.
• Approach 3:

  Promoting a positive, problem solving approach and an optimistic outlook.
• Approach 4:

  Promoting positive environments that are forward-looking and promote strengths and diversity.
• Pavlov: behavioural theorist who used classical conditioning to condition his dog to salvste at the sound of a bell.

  
• Long term impacts of sleep lamb factors:

  M-Milestones (either exceeded or. Non achievement*)

  A-*Anxiety*

  D-*Depression*

  S-*Stigma*

  T-*Trauma*/Trauma

  A-Attachment (both)

  B-Broadening experience
• Watson: Behavioural theorist who used classical conditioning to condition a child to fear a white rat. Called the Little Albert experiment.
• Gesell: Biological theorist. He suggested that children will go through the same stages of development, in the same sequence but each child will go through the stages at their own rate.
• Vygotsky: Cognitive and development theorist. A child's cognitive development and learning ability can be guided and meditated by their social interactions.
• Erikson: Cognitive and development theorist. Our ego identity constantly changes due to new experiences and information we receive in out daily interactions with others.
• Bronfenbrenner: Ecological theorist. One of the most accepted explanations regsrding the influence of social environments on human development.

  
• Bowlby attachment theory: human development theorist. The emotional and social development of an infant is profoundly shaped by their relationship with their primary care givers.

  
• Cummings and Henry disengagement theory of aging: human development theorist. A society encourages its elderly to disengage from their precious roles and to take on roles more appropriate to their physical and mental decline.
• Maslow: Humanistic theorist. Motivational theory in psychology comprising a five tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within the pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend needs higher up.

  
• Bandura: Social learning theorist. Humans learn socially, not just intellectually. We learn from our peers, parents, teachers, coaches, etc., rather than just from books.

  
• PIES:

  P-Physical (physical body, as well as our physical surroundings, gross motor skills and fine motor skills)

  I-intellectual (thoughts, beliefs, ideas and ideologies and language development, memory)

  E-Emotional (feelings, moods, intuition, body language, internal working models and facial expressions)

  S-Social development (forming relationships, interacting with others and communication)
• Nature/nurture: human development theory. Nature refers to how genetics influence an individuals personality, whereas nurture refers to how their environment (relationships, experiences etc.) Impacts their development.
• Gessell: Biological theory. focuses on the physical and mental development of children. He suggests that children will go through the same stages of development in the same sequence but at different rates.
• Watson: Behavioural theory. Humans cannot be treated like objects and that humans cannot be separated from self, other, nature and other larger workforce.
• Rogers: humanistic theory. He believed that self actualisation was something that every individual was seeking. Self actualisation is when am individual achieves their full purpose.
• Piaget: Cognitive theory. Children develop cognitively by constructing knowledge about themselves and the world around them. They do this by actively exploring their environment and making sense of it.
• Erik Erikson: Psychosocial theory. The first stage is trust vs mistrust. This occurs between birth to one year old. If an infant has positive experiences they will have a strong foundation of trust. If not they may become distrustful or fearful.
• Bronfenbrenner: Ecological systems theory. Bronfenbrenner argues that all aspects of a child’s life influence their development. These include microsystem (immediate surroundings), mesosystem (relationships between settings) exosystem (larger community) macrosystem (culture).
• Vygotsky: Social learning theory. Vygotsky believed that children are born with a natural curiosity and desire to explore their environment. He also argued that social interaction plays a key role in cognitive development.