misleading info

• What does eyewitness testimony (EWT) refer to?

  The ability to remember event details
• What is misleading information in the context of EWT?

  Incorrect information given to eyewitnesses
• What are leading questions?

  Questions that direct people to specific answers
• What was the method used by Loftus and Palmer in their study?

  • Participants watched a video of a car crash
  • They estimated the speed of the cars
  • They were asked leading questions about the crash
• What was the result of Loftus and Palmer's study regarding the word "hit"?

  Lower speed estimates than "smashed"
• What was the method used by Gabbert in his study?

  • Group A saw a crime, Group B did not
  • They discussed the event in pairs or alone
  • They answered a questionnaire about guilt
• What percentage of co-witnesses in Gabbert's study had distorted memories?

  71%
• What was the conclusion of Gabbert's study regarding post-event discussion?

  Discussion distorts memory
• What are the two explanations for the effects of leading questions?

  • Response bias explanation
  • Substitution explanation
• What does the response bias explanation suggest?

  Leading questions favor a certain response
• What does the substitution explanation imply?

  Leading questions change original memory
• What are the two types of memory change due to post-event discussion?

  • Memory contamination
  • Memory conformity
• What is memory contamination?

  Post-event discussion changes memory
• What does memory conformity refer to?

  Going along with what others say
• Who conducted the second experiment in 1974 related to memory?

  Loftus and Palmer
• What does the substitution explanation propose?

  The wording of a question changes memory
• How did Loftus and Palmer demonstrate the substitution explanation?

  By varying the verb in leading questions
• What was the effect of the verb "smashed" in the experiment?

  Increased reports of seeing broken glass
• What was the outcome for participants who heard "hit"?

  They were less likely to report broken glass
• What was absent in the film clip shown to participants?

  Broken glass
• How did the critical verb affect participants' memories?

  It altered their memory of the incident