Introduction

• Karl Marx studied the difference of treatment of rich and poor people during the industrial revolution
• Emile Durkheim fought for sociology to be considered a science
• Max Weber believed that the church and religion was the reason for capitalism
• Primary socialisation is the norms, values and culture taught at childhood, within the family
• Secondary socialisation is the norms and values taught within the wider world
• Norms are informal rules that society commonly follows
• Values are beliefs held by an individual or group
• Culture is a way of life passed down from one generation to another
• Marxists believe the criminal justice system is a social control for the proletariat, as the proletariats are more likely to be imprisoned
• Karl Marx lived from 1818 to 1883
• Karl Marx studied capitalism and the difference between the bourgeoisie and proletariat
• The three types of feminism are: radical, liberal and marxist
• Radical feminism focuses on male domination being an issue
• Liberal feminism focuses on ensuring women have equal opportunities
• Marxist feminism see women being exploited as both women and workers
• Emile Durkheim lived from 1858 to 1917
• Functionalism focuses on positive roles of different societal institutions
• Social cohesion is the strength of relationships of members of a community
• Communism is the idea of an equal society, where means of production and capital goods are held by everyone
• Marxists view the education and family as tools of capitalism as they raise obedient workforces
• Sex is the biological differences between men and women, that cannot be altered
• Gender is the social and cultural differences in expectations, ideas and practices between male and females.
• Gender can be altered
• Race is a socially constructed term to refer to physical characteristics
• Ethnicity is the term used by modern sociologists to refer to a group of people who share common cultural identity
• Informal social control: how society is kept in order informally (used in the family and education)
• Formal social control: how society is persuaded to conform to the rules by using the law
• Interactionism is the idea that human interactions shape society
• Functional prerequisites: the basic needs of society
• Value consensus: beliefs that are held by a particular social group
• Functionalist beliefs ignored discrimination and inequality
• Durkheim's ideas are outdated
• The labeling theory suggests that people are labeled by others and this can lead to a sense of self-worth
• Self-fulfilling prophecies are when a person's behaviour is influenced by the expectations of others
• Dependency culture is a culture where people are dependent on the state for everything and are unable to look after themselves
• Observations:

  • Overt (done in the open)
  • Covert (done in secret)
  • Naturalistic (in natural surroundings)
  • Controlled (in a contained environment)
  • Participant (observes immerses in day-to-day activities of participant)
  • Non-participant (observes participant's activities without immersing)
• Pilot study


  Small trial run to test research methods
• Snowball sampling


  Sampling one member of population and identifying other people through them
• Ethical considerations:

  • informed consent
  • privacy
  • confidentiality
  • anonymity