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Paper 1
Memory
The Multi-Store Model of Memory
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Gando
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Cards (34)
According to Atkinson & Shiffrin, what are the three main memory stores?
Sensory Register,
Short-Term Memory
,
Long-Term Memory
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What are the key features used to describe memory stores?
Coding
: The format in which information is stored.
Capacity
: The amount of information that can be held.
Duration:
How long information can be retained.
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What kind of coding does the Sensory Register use?
Modality-specific
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Which store is used for visual information in the sensory register?
Iconic store
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Which store is used for auditory information in the sensory register?
Echoic store
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What is the capacity of the Sensory Register?
Very large (almost
unlimited
)
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How long does information last in the Sensory Register?
Very short (about 250
ms
)
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What kind of coding does Short-Term Memory use?
Acoustically
(based on sound)
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According to Miller, what is the capacity of Short-Term Memory?
7±2
items
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What technique improves STM capacity?
Chunking
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How long does information typically last in Short-Term Memory?
18-30 seconds
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How can information be kept longer in Short-Term Memory?
Extended by
verbal rehearsal
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What kind of coding does Long-Term Memory use?
Semantically
(meaning)
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What is the capacity of Long-Term Memory?
Potentially
unlimited
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How long does information last in Long-Term Memory?
Potentially
unlimited
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What type of memories does LTM contain?
Can recall
childhood
memories
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Summarise the coding, capacity, and duration of the Sensory Register?
Coding:
Modality-Specific
Capacity
: Unlimited
Duration:
250 ms
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Summarise the coding, capacity, and duration of STM?
Coding: Acoustically
Capacity:
7±2
items
Duration:
18-30 seconds
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Summarise the coding, capacity, and duration of LTM?
Coding:
Semantically
Capacity:
Unlimited
Duration: Forever
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What did Glanzer & Cunitz's research on recall demonstrate?
Separate
STM
and
LTM
stores
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What effects did Glanzer & Cunitz find in recall?
Primacy
and
recency
effects
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What did Sperling's experiment demonstrate?
Sensory register's
large capacity
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What did Baddeley's research on coding find?
STM
coding is acoustic, LTM coding is
semantic
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What did Jacobs' study demonstrate?
STM
capacity is
7±2
items
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What did Peterson & Peterson's study demonstrate?
STM
duration is
18-30 seconds
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What did Wagenaar's study demonstrate?
LTM's
large capacity and durability
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What did Bahrick's study on recalling school friends indicate about LTM?
LTM can last a
lifetime
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What do experimental studies offer to the study of memory structures?
Insights
into
memory structures
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Why does sensory register's large capacity match evolutionary theory?
Because it allows for quick assessment of
environment
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What is a limitation of artificial experiments?
Lack
ecological validity
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What does the Working Memory Model suggest about STM and LTM?
Not
unitary
stores
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What model does the Working Memory Model challenge?
MSM's
simplicity
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Who proposed the multi-store model of memory?
Atkinson & Shiffrin
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How is the duration of information in STM extended?
Verbal rehearsal
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