سكشن فارما ٢

• What is the definition of metrology?

  Science of weighing and measuring
• What are the three systems of metrology?

  • Metric system
  • Apothecary system
  • Household system
• Why is the metric system commonly used?

  It is easily calculated and international
• What are the units of weight in the metric system?

  • Kilogram (Kg)
  • Gram (g)
  • Milligram (mg)
  • Microgram (μg)
  • Nanogram (ng)
  • Picogram (pg)
• What are the units of measure in the metric system?

  • Litre (L)
  • Millilitre (ml)
  • Microlitre (μl)
  • Nanolitre (nl)
  • Picolitre (pl)
• What is the apothecary system?

  Older English system rarely used now
• How are units written in the apothecary system?

  Units are written prior to Latin numbers
• What are the units of weight in the apothecary system?

  • Pound (Lb)
  • Ounce (oz)
  • Drachm (dr)
  • Grain (gr)
• What are the units of measure in the apothecary system?

  • Pint (O)
  • Fluid ounce (fl.oz)
  • Fluid drachm (fl.dr)
  • Minim (m)
• How do you convert grains to grams in the apothecary system?

  Grain (gr) = 0.06 g
• How do you convert ounces to grams in the apothecary system?

  Ounce (oz) = 30 g
• What are the household measurements in relation to the metric system?

  • Dropt (gtt) = 0.06 ml
  • Teaspoonful (Tsp) = 5 ml
  • Tablespoonful (Tbsp) = 15 ml
  • Coffee cupful = 30 ml
  • Teacupful = 120 ml
  • Glassful = 180 ml
  • Pint = 500 ml
  • Quart = 1000 ml
• What is the definition of psology?

  Branch of medicine dealing with drug doses
• What does the dose represent in psology?

  Quantity of drug delivered to induce effect
• How is the dose calculated according to animal body weight?

  Dose (ml) = (Animal weight (kg) X Dosage rate (mg/kg)) / Concentration of drug (mg/ml)
• How is the dose calculated according to age?

  Dose (ml) = (Animal Age / Adult Age) X Adult dose (ml)
• How is the dose calculated according to body surface area?

  Body surface area (m²) = (Body weight (kg) / 10) X 0.67
• How is the dose calculated according to the route of administration?

  • Rectal dose = 2 oral dose
  • I.V dose = 1/4 oral dose
  • S.C dose = 1/2 oral dose
  • I.M dose = 1/3 oral dose
• How is the dose calculated according to animal species?

  • Dogs = 1/16 of horse dose
  • Cats = 1/32 of horse dose
  • Cattle = 1.5 of horse dose
  • Sheep = 1/5 of horse dose
• What are the common processes in prescription for measuring liquids?

  • Use pipettes for small quantities
  • Use cylinders, beakers, or flasks for large quantities
• What is the method for measuring fluids?

  1. Hold flask or cylinder horizontally at eye level
  2. Pour liquid gradually to needed amount
  3. Use bottom of meniscus as guide
• What are the steps for weighing solids?

  • Keep balance horizontal
  • Clean pans and use filter papers
  • Use forceps for weights and spatula for ingredients
• What are the steps for weighing liquids?

  • Weigh the container first
  • Add liquid gradually to adjust weight
• What is grinding or triturating?

  Process of solid ingredients using rotary movements in mortars
• What is emulsifying?

  Adding emulsifying agents for suspension
• What is sweeting in pharmaceuticals?

  Adding syrup to correct bad taste
• What is decocting?

  Boiling plant in water to dissolve active principles
• What is infusing?

  Pouring boiled water on plant to dissolve principles
• What is maceration?


  Soaking plant in solvent with shaking
• What is concentration in pharmaceuticals?

  Ratio of ingredient amount to product amount
• How is concentration expressed for solid in liquid?

  Weight in volume (W/V)
• How is concentration expressed for liquid in liquid?

  Volume in volume (V/V)
• How is concentration expressed for solid in solid?

  Solid in solid (W/W)
• What is the formula for dilution of stock solution?

  c₁v₁ = c₂v₂