Gender

• What is the main focus of the gender unit in AQA level papers?

  Understanding gender concepts and theories
• What is the difference between sex and gender?

  Sex is biological; gender is psychological
• What is a sexual stereotype?

  A set of expectations for male and female behavior
• What does androgyny refer to?

  A balance of masculine and feminine traits
• What is the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)?

  A measure of androgyny based on traits
• How do participants score on the BSRI?

  On a seven-point scale for 60 traits
• What did Bem argue about androgynous individuals?

  They are more psychologically healthy
• What percentage of males were found to be androgynous in Bem's study?

  24 percent
• What percentage of females were found to be androgynous in Bem's study?

  27 percent
• What does high test-retest reliability of the BSRI indicate?

  Consistent results over time
• What is Turner syndrome?

  A condition affecting biological females with X0 chromosomes
• What are some physical characteristics of Turner syndrome?

  No menstrual cycle and short stature
• What is Klinefelter syndrome?

  A condition affecting biological males with XXY chromosomes
• What are some psychological effects of Klinefelter syndrome?

  Cognitive difficulties and passive behavior
• What is Kohlberg's theory of cognitive gender development?

  Children's understanding of gender develops in stages
• What is the first stage of gender identity according to Kohlberg?

  Gender identity stage (2-3 years old)
• What happens in the gender stability stage?

  Children recognize their gender is fixed
• What is the final stage of gender development in Kohlberg's theory?

  Gender consistency stage (over 5 years old)
• What do gender schemas represent?

  Mental representations of gender behaviors
• What is the role of in-groups in gender schema theory?

  Children focus on their own gender group
• At what age do children start developing gender schemas?

  Around two years old
• What did Martin and Little find about children's gender preferences?

  Children as young as three show strong preferences
• What does the psychodynamic approach suggest about gender development?

  It arises from unconscious thought processes
• What is the Oedipus complex?

  Boys develop feelings for their mother
• How is the Electra complex different from the Oedipus complex?

  Girls feel competition with their mother
• What is identification in the context of psychodynamic theory?

  Imitating same-sex parent's roles and behaviors
• What does social learning theory emphasize in gender development?

  Learning through observation and reinforcement
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Learning by observing others rewarded
• How does culture influence gender roles?

  It shapes expectations and behaviors through norms
• What is gender dysphoria?

  Psychological distress from sex and gender mismatch
• What biological factors contribute to gender dysphoria?

  Genes, brain structure, and hormones
• What did van Beek et al. find regarding gender identity in twins?

  70% variance linked to genetics
• How does social learning theory explain atypical gender development?

  Insufficient same-sex role models and reinforcement
• What is the significance of the term "gender identity disorder"?

  It was replaced with gender dysphoria
• Why is social sensitivity important in gender research?

  To avoid stigma and misreporting issues
• What is the impact of cultural change on media representations of gender roles?

  Media reflects changing cultural gender norms
• What are the key theories of gender development covered in the study material?

  • Cognitive Development Theory (Kohlberg)
  • Gender Schema Theory
  • Psychodynamic Theory
  • Social Learning Theory
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of the BSRI?

  Strengths:

  • High test-retest reliability
  • Used in various gender studies

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Oversimplifies gender identity
  • Lacks temporal validity
• What are the biological factors influencing gender identity?

  • Chromosomes (XX, XY)
  • Hormones (testosterone, estrogen, oxytocin)
  • Genetic variations
• What are the implications of atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  • Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
  • Turner syndrome (X0)
  • Hormone therapies for treatment