Paper 1

• Cranium - Skull
• Vertebrae - Spine
• Ribs - cage that protects chest cavity
• Sternum - the bone between the two rib cages
• Clavicle - collar bone
• Scapula - shoulder blade
• Pelvis - hip bone
• Humerus - the upper arm above the elbow
• Ulna - the underneath bone in the arm connecting to the pinkie
• Radius - the upper bone in the arm connecting to your thumb
• Carpals - the upper part of your hand
• Metacarpals - the middle of the hand under the carpals
• phalanges - the two bones that make up your fingers and toes
• Femur - the bone on the upper part of your leg above the knee
• Patella - knee cap
• Tibia - the larger bone of the lower leg
• Fibula - the bone that connects to the ankle
• Tarsals - the upper part of the foot
• Metatarsals - the bones bellow the tarsals
• Function of the bones

  • Support
  • Posture
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Blood cell production
  • Storage of minerals
• Support : Provides framework for vital organs
• Posture : Bones provide the shape of our body, especially the vertebrae, whilst we are sitting standing or lying. They do this by maintaining the natural curvature of the spine as well as the position of our bones posture help with our technique during sports
• Protection : Vital organs such as the brain , heart, lungs and spinal cord are protected by bones like the cranium for the brain, ribs for the heart and lungs, vertebrae for the spinal cors
• Movement : Muscles attach to bones to produce movement at joints e.g. biceps connect to the ulna to create flexion and quadriceps connect to femur
• Blood cell production:

  Blood cells are produced in marrow of long bones: red blood cells are needed to carry oxygen to provide energy for exercise
• Storage of minerals:

  Calcium, phosphorus and iron all help keep the body healthy and calcium for example is stored in the bones to keep them strong
• Deltoids - around the top of the shoulder
• Quadriceps - front of the thigh
• Abdominals - the stomach muscles
• Biceps - front of the upper arm
• Pectorals -  chest
• Triceps - back of the arm
• Trapezium - neck to upper shoulder
• Latissimus Dorsi - back muscles
• Hamstring - back of the upper leg
• Gluteals -  muscles
• Gastrocnemius - calf muscles
• Deltoid - abduction, to lift arm at the shoulder
• Quadriceps - extension at the knee joint
• Abdominals - flexion of vertebrae, bending body forward