Leprosy, Nocardia, Leptospirosis

• How does lepromatous leprosy affect internal organs?

  It spreads to various internal organs
• How does lepromatous leprosy differ from other forms of leprosy?

  It affects the entire body's skin
• What is the main pathogenic mechanism of lepromatous leprosy according to the image?

  Disrupt phagosome maturation and inhibit TLR expression/function
• What is the treatment for lepromatous leprosy?

  Combined drug regime
• What are the clinical features of leprosy?

  • Hypoaesthetic patches
  • Hypopigmented / Erythematous patches
  • Thickened peripheral nerves
  • Madarosis (Loss of eyebrows and eyelashes)
  • Lagophthalmos (inability to close eyelids completely)
  • Skin nodules
  • Saddle nose
  • Leonine facies
  • Ear lobe thickening
  • Corneal anesthesia
  • Claw hand, Foot drop
• What is the name of the skin condition shown in the first image?

  Leprosy
• What are the key features of Churg-Strauss Granulomatosis?

  • Rare autoimmune disorder causing eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
  • Affects small to medium-sized blood vessels
  • Can lead to inflammation and damage in various organs
• What characterizes lepromatous leprosy?

  Widespread skin involvement and thickened nerves
• What are the key features of Subacute Lupus Erythematosus?

  • Autoimmune disorder affecting the skin
  • Characterized by red, scaly patches on the face, neck, and arms
  • Can be triggered by sunlight exposure
• What is the name of the skin condition shown in the sixth image?

  Necrobotic xanthogranuloma
• What do lepromatous lesions look like?

  • Raised, reddish-brown spots
  • Patches across the back, arms, and legs
  • Distinctive appearance
• What is the name of the skin condition shown in the second image?

  Subacute Lupus Erythematosus
• What is the name of the skin condition shown in the third image?

  Churg-Strauss Granulomatosis
• What is the role of Rifampin in treating lepromatous leprosy?

  Powerful antibiotic to eliminate bacteria
• What are the key features of Leprosy?

  • Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae
  • Affects the skin, peripheral nerves, upper respiratory tract, and eyes
  • Can lead to nerve damage, muscle weakness, and deformities
• What are the key features of Churg-Strauss Granulomatosis?

  • Rare autoimmune disorder causing eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
  • Affects small to medium-sized blood vessels
  • Can lead to inflammation and damage in various organs
• What is the name of the skin condition shown in the fifth image?

  Well's Syndrome
• What is the visual representation mentioned in the study material?

  An image showing bacterial pathways
• Why do leprosy patients experience an inability to close their eyelids completely?

  Due to lagophthalmos, a condition where the eyelids cannot close completely
• How does lepromatous leprosy differ from tuberculoid leprosy?

  Lepromatous has more extensive lesions
• What does the Th2 cell response promote in lepromatous leprosy?

  Humoral response (antibody production)
• What facial disfiguration can occur due to lepromatous leprosy?

  Saddle nose
• How does the pathogenesis of lepromatous leprosy differ from tuberculoid leprosy?

  Lepromatous leprosy:

  • Disrupt phagosome maturation
  • Inhibit TLR expression/function
  • Enhanced phagocytosis

  Tuberculoid leprosy:

  • Trigger cell activation
  • Promote phagosome lysosomal fusion
  • Induce vitamin D dependent antimicrobial pathway
  • Instruct adaptive cellular response (Th1)
• What is the name of the skin condition shown in the fourth image?

  Late Syphalid
• How long must the combined drug regime be taken for lepromatous leprosy?

  Two years
• What severe condition can lepromatous leprosy cause regarding vision?

  Complete blindness from eye involvement
• What is lepromatous leprosy also known as?

  Hansen's disease
• How does tuberculoid leprosy differ from lepromatous leprosy in terms of immune response?

  Th1 cell-mediated immunity controls bacterial growth
• What is a consequence of nerve damage in lepromatous leprosy?

  Claw hands or foot drop
• What are the key features of Well's Syndrome?

  • Rare skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches
  • Associated with neurocysticercosis (parasitic infection of the brain)
  • Can cause tissue damage and inflammation
• What is the primary difference in nerve involvement between lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy?

  Lepromatous has more extensive nerve involvement
• Why is it important to take the combined drug regime daily for lepromatous leprosy?

  To eradicate the bacteria and control symptoms
• How does the immune response differ between lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy?

  Lepromatous leprosy has an impaired cell-mediated immunity and enhanced humoral response, while tuberculoid leprosy has a strong cell-mediated immunity
• What does Clofazimine do in the treatment of lepromatous leprosy?

  Reduces inflammation and staining of skin lesions
• What are the key steps in the pathogenesis of lepromatous leprosy?

  • Disrupt phagosome maturation
  • Inhibit TLR expression/function
  • Enhance phagocytosis
  • Induce bacterial growth
  • Alter DC differentiation/function
  • Instruct adaptive humoral response (IL-4, IL-10)
• What is a key characteristic of lepromatous leprosy?

  Generalized skin involvement
• What is the effect of lepromatous leprosy on eyelid function?

  Inability to close eyelids
• What are the internal organs affected by lepromatous leprosy?

  • Eyes (iritis, blindness)
  • Nose (saddle nose)
  • Testes (impotence)
  • Bones
• What are the components of the combined drug regime for lepromatous leprosy?

  • Dapsone: Kills bacteria in the body
  • Rifampin: Powerful antibiotic to eliminate bacteria
  • Clofazimine: Reduces inflammation and staining of skin lesions
• What is the name of the type of leprosy shown in the image?

  Lepromatous leprosy