energy for biological prcoesses

• Energy can only change form but not disappear.
• Energy is used for transport, communication, and to maintain body temperature.
• The reaction for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy from sunlight.
• Light energy is converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are required as raw materials for photosynthesis.
• ATP provides energy for cellular processes such as respiration and growth.
• Carbon dioxide enters through stomata on leaves.
• Water is absorbed by roots and carried up to the leaves via xylem vessels.
• NADPH carries high-energy electrons that can be used to reduce NAD+ back to NADH, providing more ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
• Respiration involves breaking down glucose molecules to release stored energy.
• Glucose is broken down by glycolysis, which produces pyruvate and releases two ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
• Water molecules enter through roots or by diffusion across leaf surfaces.
• The process of photosynthesis involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions.
• The chloroplast contains thylakoid membranes, which contain chlorophyll molecules that absorb light energy.
• Electrons released from water pass along an electron transport chain, releasing energy used to make ATP.
• An exothermic reaction is a reaction that releases energy to the surroundings.
• An endothermic reaction is a reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.
• Photosynthesis is an example of an exothermic reaction as it produces glucose (energy) and oxygen gas (released into the atmosphere).
• Respiration is an example of an endothermic reaction as it breaks down glucose to release energy needed for cellular processes.
• The reaction for respiration is C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
• Glucose can be broken down during respiration to release energy needed by cells.
• ATP stands for adenosine triphosphate.
• Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is formed when one phosphate group is removed from ATP.
• ATP synthesis is the process of making ATP from ADP and Pi.
• Chemiosmosis is the process of moving protons across the membrane of a cell
• The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme-catalysed reactions that occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane
• Radiation from the sun is used to fuel metabolic reactions and processes to keep organisms alive
• Exothermic reactions release energy from the bonds of the reactants.
• Endothermic reactions are reactions that require energy to take place.
• Organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are made up of covalent bonds
• Inorganic molecules are held together by strong bonds that release a lot of energy when broken, but need lots of energy to break
• In respiration large organic molecules are broken down into small inorganic molecules
• ATP is not a good storage molecule
• Organic molecules like lipids and carbohydrates are good storage molecules because they are insoluble in water and can be broken down into inorganic molecules
• ATP is important for living organisms because it is a source of energy for cellular respiration and is used to make new molecules
• The properties of cell membranes to form a proton gradient across the membrane are: selectively permeable and semi-permeable
• The type of diffusion that enables protons to move through ATP synthase is facilitated diffusion.
• The role of ATP synthase in the production of ATP is to use energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to drive the synthesis of ATP