Chemical coordination

• 1. Adenohypophysis is an independent endocrine gland
• 1. The pituitary gland also known as Hypophysis 2. Anterior pituitary is also called Adenohypophysis 3. Adenohypophysis appears glandular 4. Posterior pituitary is also called Neurohypophysis 5.Neurohypophysis appears Fibrous.
• 1. Several hormones of Anterior pituitary/Adenohypophysis are collectively called tropic hormones or tropins
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxin
• Prolactin (PRL) stimulates milk production by mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation
• Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth, cell division, and protein synthesis.
• Growth hormone is also known as Somatotropinc hormone(STH)
• Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) stimulates ovaries to develop follicles containing eggs and testes to produce sperm cells
• Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates the synthesis and dispersion of melanin pigment in skin.
• • Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates gonads for the production of steriod hormones
  • Estrogen and progesterone from ovaries
  • Testosterone from testes
• FSH and LH are called gonadotropins
• In males FSH is required for the development of sperms.
• Literal means of Antidiuretic hormone is "hormone that prevents urination"
• Antidiuretic hormone helps to prevent dehydration
• Oxytocin stimulates urine contractions during labour and milk production in breastfeeding
• Oxytocin serves as a chemical messenger in the brain
• Oxytocin plays a significant part in social interaction and human behaviour
• "-ine" refers to Amino acid derivative hormones
• Adrenal medulla produces two hormones epinephrine and non-epinephrine in response to stress.
• Adrenal medulla is activated by the sympathetic nervous system
• The hormones from adrenal cortex are all steroids
• Glucocorticoid acts somewhat similar to glucagon
• Over secretion of cortisol cause Cushing's syndrome
• Low secretions of adrenal cortex hormone cause Addison's disease
• Androgen are sex hormones
• Progesterone is produced by corpus luteum and placenta
• The hypothalamus is a part of the brain that contains clusters of specialised cells called neurosecretary cells
• Pancreas works as both exocrine and endocrine gland
• Peptide and protien hormone are hydrophilic.
• Short chain of amino acid are called peptide hormones eg.(ADH)
• Longer chains of amino acids are called protein hormones eg.(insulin, growth hormone).
• Amino acid derivative hormones are all hydrophilic except thyroxine.
• Catecholamines and thyroid are derived from tyrosine.
• The pineal gland secretes melatonin that is derived from tryptophan.
• Steroid hormones are lipophilic
• Steroid hormones are manufactured by enzymatic modification of cholesterol.
• Protien hormones are soluble in water and insoluble in lipids hence these hormones cannot Cross the cell membrane.
• Activated enzyme catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic Adenosine mono phosphate (cAMP).
• (cAMP) is often called second messenger.