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• Commercial manufacturing of oral liquid preparations involves aqueous solutions, simple solution, solution by chemical reaction, solution by distillation, solution by extraction, maceration, and percolation.
• Pharmaceutical liquid preparations can be classified as single phase system (monophasic) which includes solutions, and dispersed system (bihasic) which includes emulsions, suspensions, gels, and mixtures.
• Aqueous solutions include aromatic waters, aqueous acids, douches, enemas, gargles, washes, juices, and sprays.
• Sweet/other viscid aqueous solutions include syrups, honeys, mucilage, jellies.
• Agitator mixers are used in the manufacture of oral solid dosage forms such as powders and granules.
• Powders can be divided into bulk powder and divided powder.
• Capsules can be made of hard gelatin, soft gelatin, or sugar coated gelatin.
• Tablets can be compressed as single or multiple compressed tablets, and can have various coatings.
• Modified tablets or tablet triturates are another type of tablet.
• Dispensing tablets are another type of tablet.
• Hypodermic tablets are another type of tablet.
• Chewable tablets are another type of tablet.
• Molded tablets are another type of tablet.
• Immediate release tablets are another type of tablet.
• Extended release tablets are another type of tablet.
• Lozenges and troches are another type of tablet.
• Non-aqueous solutions include elixirs, spirits, collodions, glycerites, liniments, oleovitamins, toothache drops, inhalations, insufflations, inhalants.
• Digestion, infusion, decoction, and complex solution are operations involved in manufacturing.
• Drugs are more unstable in solution or liquid dispersion than they are in solid state because the molecular interactions are more plausible in liquid surroundings.
• Physically stable liquid products are supposed to retain their color, viscosity, clarity, taste, and odor throughout the shelf life.
• Because the flow of liquid for dispensing and dosing is important, an appropriate control of viscosity is required to prevent the liquid from running and, at the same time, to allow good dosing control.
• The appearance or color of liquid products is often synchronized with the flavors used.
• There are four basic sensations: salty, bitter, sweet, and sour.
• Undissolved drug particles can be enhanced by knowing the equilibrium solubility, using a co-solvent for non-polar molecules, modifying solubility using pH adjusting buffers, solubilization with surfactants, complexation with other components, or hydrotrophy.
• Microbial growth, oxidation, and photolysis are challenges in stability, which can be addressed by using preservatives, antioxidants, and amber glass bottle or opaque container.
• Stability in dispersed systems can be challenged by coalescence, sedimentation, Ostwald ripening, creaming, phase inversion, and use of suitable stabilizing agents, proper manufacturing techniques, and use of special equipment.
• Viscosity can be controlled by using thickening agents/viscosity enhancers.
• Appearance can be controlled by using colorants and making the product “sparkle” by passing through a filtration process.
• Taste can be controlled by using flavors such as apricot, butterscotch, vanilla, maple, liquorice, chocolate, mint, wild cherry, anise, vanilla, fruits, berries, citrus fruits, liquorice, raspberry, rootbeer.
• Operations involved in manufacturing oral solid preparations include comminution, milling, sieving/sifting, and mixing.
• Equipment used in comminution includes intermediate grinders, fine grinding mills, cutter mills, and attrition mills.
• Equipment used in mixing includes tumbling mixers or blenders, high speed mixer granulator, fluidized bed mixer, and sifter.
• Mixing is a unit operation that aims to treat two or more components, initially in an unmixed or partially mixed state.
• Comminution is a mechanical process of reducing the size of particle or aggregates.
• Homogenization is a process of reducing the size of dispersed phase in dispersion.
• Clarification is a process that involves removal or separation of a solid from a fluid or fluid from another fluid.
• Filtration, straining/sieving, and attractive forces are equipment used in clarification.
• Filling aims to transfer the bulk solution to the final container.
• Filing can be done by volume cup method using pressure or gravity feed, gravity filling, or pressure pump filling.
• In some cases, filling is done by vacuum, where a rigid non-collapsible container is involved.