retrieval failure

• What is the term for things that serve as reminders?

  Cues
• What does Ethel Abernethy's 1940 study focus on?

  Effects of cues on memory retrieval
• How did Abernethy test students' memory?

  By varying the testing environment
• What was the best performance condition in Abernethy's study?

  Same instructor in the same room
• What does retrieval failure refer to?

  Inability to access available memories
• What principle did Tulving and Thomson propose?

  Encoding specificity principle
• What does the encoding specificity principle state?

  Memory retrieval is better with matching cues
• What was the context of Godden and Baddeley's 1975 study?

  Scuba divers learning words underwater
• What did Godden and Badley's results show?

  Higher recall when context matched learning
• How many words did participants learn in Tulving and Pearlstone's study?

  48 words
• What was the result of Tulving and Pearlstone's study?

  Recall was highest with matching context
• What type of recall conditions were used in Tulving and Pearlstone's study?

  Free recall and cued recall
• What does state-dependent forgetting refer to?

  Recall influenced by mental state during learning
• What did Goodwin et al. (1969) find about recall in different states?

  Better recall when in the same state
• What percentage of words were recalled by drunk participants in Goodwin et al.'s study?

  60%
• What percentage of words were recalled by sober participants in Goodwin et al.'s study?

  40%
• What does the graph in Goodwin et al.'s study suggest?

  Information learned when drunk is retrievable when drunk
• What does the term "danger of circularity" refer to?

  Potential confusion in defining concepts
• What are interference effects in memory?

  When new information disrupts old memories
• What are environmental cues?

  External factors that aid memory retrieval
• How did inferior students perform in Abernethy's study?

  They were most affected by changes
• How did superior students perform in Abernethy's study?

  They were least affected by changes