forces

• What does Newton's first law of motion state?

  Objects remain at rest or constant velocity
• What happens if the resultant force on an object is zero?

  The object remains stationary or moves uniformly
• What occurs when the resultant force is not zero?

  The speed or direction of the object changes
• How does Newton's first law explain uniform velocity?

  Balanced forces result in zero resultant force
• What is required for constant velocity?

  Forces on the object must be balanced
• Why is Lima correct about the Moon's motion?

  Velocity includes direction, which changes
• What does Newton's second law of motion state?

  Acceleration is proportional to resultant force
• How does mass affect acceleration according to Newton's second law?

  Greater mass results in smaller acceleration
• What is the equation for Newton's second law?

  $F =$$ma$
• What do the variables in $F =$$ma$ represent?


  F is force, m is mass, a is acceleration
• How do you calculate acceleration from velocity and time?

  $a =$$\frac{\Delta v}{t}$
• What is the acceleration of a car that goes from 0 to 27 m/s in 3 seconds?

  $9 \text{ m/s}^2$
• What force is required to accelerate a 900 kg car at $9 \text{ m/s}^2$?


  $8100 \text{ N}$
• What happens to acceleration if mass increases while force remains constant?

  Acceleration decreases due to increased mass
• What are the variables in the experiments investigating force and mass on acceleration?

  • Experiment 1:
  • Independent variable: Force (F)
  • Dependent variable: Acceleration (a)
  • Control variable: Mass (m)

  
  

  • Experiment 2:
  • Independent variable: Mass (m)
  • Dependent variable: Acceleration (a)
  • Control variable: Force (F)
• What is the method for investigating the effect of force on acceleration?

  1. Measure intervals on the bench.
  2. Set up the pulley and attach the toy car.
  3. Use weights to apply force.
  4. Release the car and time intervals.
  5. Record results and calculate average speed and acceleration.
• What is the method for investigating the effect of mass on acceleration?

  1. Measure intervals on the bench.
  2. Attach a mass to the car.
  3. Set a constant force with a weight hanger.
  4. Release the car and time intervals.
  5. Record results and calculate average speed and acceleration.
• What are the systematic and random errors in the experiments?

  • Systematic Errors:
  • Ensure weights removed are transferred to the car.

  
  

  • Random Errors:
  • Timing measurements; take repeat readings for accuracy.
• What safety considerations should be taken during the experiments?

  • Don't stand under the weight hanger.
  • Use a crash mat beneath the weight hanger.
• What is a good sequence for writing about experiments?

  1. State the equation used.
  2. List the apparatus needed.
  3. Mention measurements to be made.
• What are the weight hangers transferred to?

  The toy car or trolley
• Why is it important to keep the total mass constant?

  To ensure accurate experimental results
• What is a main cause of error in the experiment?

  The measurements of time
• How can random errors be minimized during timing?

  By taking repeat readings and averaging
• How should the toy car be started in the experiment?

  By releasing it without a push
• What safety measure should be taken regarding the weight hanger?

  Don't stand directly beneath it
• Why should a crash mat be placed under the weight hanger?

  To catch any falling weights
• What is the recommended sequence when writing about experiments?

  1. Present the relevant equation
  2. List the required apparatus
  3. State necessary measurements and methods
  4. Mention repeating measurements and averaging
• What does Newton's third law of motion state?

  Forces between two bodies are equal and opposite
• What are force pairs in Newton's third law?

  Forces exerted by interacting objects
• How does Newton's third law explain walking?

  The foot pushes the ground, and vice versa
• What are the three rules for identifying a third law pair?

  Different objects, equal size, same type
• What is weight defined as?

  The force due to gravitational attraction
• What is the gravitational field strength on Earth?

  9.81 m/s² or N/kg
• How are weight and mass related?

  Weight is proportional to mass
• How is weight calculated using mass?

  Using the equation W = mg
• What is the common misconception about mass and weight?

  They are the same quantity
• How is weight measured directly?

  Using a calibrated spring-balance
• What happens to an object's mass on different planets?

  It remains the same
• How does gravitational field strength vary on different planets?

  It depends on the planet's mass and radius