Repeated Measures

• What is one advantage of repeated measures designs?

  Reduced individual differences
• What are order effects in repeated measures designs?

  The order of conditions affects the results
• Why is a within-subjects design beneficial in comparing memory changes?

  It allows comparison across different methods for each individual
• What memory test follows the sleep conditions in the experiment?

  A memory test after each sleep duration
• In a within-subjects design, how many conditions does each participant take part in?

  All conditions of the study
• Why do repeated measures designs save time and resources?

  Each participant serves in all groups
• What are practice effects in repeated measures designs?

  Participants perform better due to experience
• What is the advantage of using a repeated measures design in experiments?

  It allows comparison of mood changes within individuals
• Why is this experiment considered a repeated measures design?

  Each individual experiences both sleep conditions
• How does a repeated measures design function?

  Participants are tested under all conditions
• What are the key features of a repeated measures design?

  • Same participants tested under all conditions
  • Each participant experiences every treatment
  • Useful for comparing changes within individuals
• What are potential issues with repeated measures designs?

  Practice effects, carry-over effects, order effects
• Why is observing changes within individuals more precise than comparing different groups?

  It controls for natural differences in alertness
• What is a repeated measures design?

  An experimental design with same participants
• What does a repeated measures design allow researchers to do?

  • Compare memory changes directly
  • Each individual experiences both conditions
  • Reduces variability between participants
• How does a repeated measures design work in a caffeine study?

  • Same participants consume caffeine and no caffeine
  • Observes changes in alertness within individuals
  • More precise than comparing different groups
• If a study tests different study methods on memory, what would each participant do?

  Try each method before a memory test
• How do participants experience the sleep conditions in the experiment?

  Each participant sleeps for both 7 and 9 hours
• Why is proper experimental design important in repeated measures designs?

  To avoid issues like practice and carry-over effects
• What is the key characteristic of a repeated measures experiment?

  A within-subjects design
• How can researchers minimize issues in repeated measures designs?

  • Counterbalancing: Present conditions in different orders
  • Randomizing: Randomly assign condition order for each participant
• What is another advantage of repeated measures designs?

  Fewer participants needed
• What are carry-over effects in repeated measures designs?

  One condition influences performance in another
• How do repeated measures designs control individual variations?

  By using the same participants for all conditions
• How do independent groups differ from repeated measures designs regarding treatment effects?

  Individual differences may mask treatment effects
• What memory scores were recorded for 7 hours and 9 hours of sleep?

  15 for 7 hours, 18 for 9 hours
• In a study testing exercise on mood, what would participants do?

  Exercise every day for a week