Protostome Animal

• Protostome animals are multicellular eukaryotes that are heterotrophs, ingesting their own food.
• Different animal phyla are characterized by the arrangement of their body plans, which include body symmetry, number of embryonic tissue layers, arrangement of a body cavity, and patterns of early embryonic development.
• Animals within the same phylum can vary from each other even though they may have the same body plan, demonstrating the broad distribution of species across a variety of habitats.
• Ecdysozoans have a three-layered cuticle.
• Ecdysis is the process of molting in Ecdysozoans.
• Nematoda are very small (less than 1 mm) and are free-living, found in soil or aquatic habitats, or as parasites with plant and animal hosts.
• Caenorhabditis elegans is a species of Nematoda.
• Sponges and cnidarians possess traits of some of the most complex animals on the planet, while the remaining phyla are grouped into two categories, protostomes and deuterostomes, based on their embryonic development.
• Protostomes undergo protostome embryonic development, have symmetrical bodies, external appendages and internal organs are paired across the body axis, and an accumulation of a nervous system is located at the head of the animal.
• Bilateral symmetry and cephalization in protostomes result in distinct anterior and posterior ends.
• Protostomes have three tissue (germ) layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
• Protostomes function through division of labor through individual organs working together as organ systems, for example, the muscular system, nervous system, digestive system, and reproductive system.
• Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa, two lineages of protostomes, have many unifying features.
• A bilateral animal has a dorsal (top) side, a ventral (bottom) side, an anterior (front) end, and a posterior (back) end.
• Early embryonic development in triploblastic animals, which includes ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, gives rise to the germ layers.
• The ectoderm, which covers the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the skin and nervous system.
• The mesoderm, located between the ectoderm and endoderm, becomes muscles, connective tissue, skeleton, kidneys, circulatory and reproductive organs.
• The endoderm, which surrounds the digestive tract, consists of cells that will form the lining of the gut and major orgens derived from it.
• A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity derived from the mesoderm that houses the internal organ systems.
• The function of the heart is to pump blood.
• The function of the lungs is to provide oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide.
• The function of the kidneys is to filter the blood and remove waste products.
• The function of the liver is to detoxify the blood and produce biochemicals.
• The function of the pancreas is to produce insulin and enzymes.
• The function of the spleen is to produce white blood cells and store blood.
• The function of the stomach is to digest food and produce enzymes.
• The function of the small intestine is to absorb nutrients and produce enzymes.
• The function of the large intestine is to absorb water and produce enzymes.
• The function of the adrenal glands is to produce hormones.
• The function of the thyroid gland is to produce hormones.
• The function of the parathyroid glands is to produce hormones.
• The function of the pituitary gland is to produce hormones.
• The function of the hypothalamus is to produce hormones.
• The function of the pineal gland is to produce hormones.
• The function of the thymus gland is to produce hormones.
• The function of the thymus gland is to produce hormones.
• The function of the adrenal glands is to produce hormones.
• The function of the thyroid gland is to produce hormones.
• The function of the parathyroid glands is to produce hormones.
• The function of the pituitary gland is to produce hormones.