Types of Movement in Sport

• Push-up

  • Pushing up
  • The elbow joint straightens to lift the body during extension
  • Lowering down
  • The elbow joint bends back to the original position during flexion
• Extension of the elbow joint occurs during a push up and flexion occurs during lowering down
• Football throw-in

  • When throwing a ball onto the pitch the player should hold the ball with both hands and start with it behind the head 
  • The ball is then thrown from behind and over the head using both hands; this movement requires the extensionof the elbow joint
• Extension of the elbow joint occurs during the throw-in
• Running

  • When the performer's foot contacts the ground, the performer propels themselves forward; this is known as the drive phase of running:
  • The knee joint straightens during extension
  • The hip extends
  • The ankle joint is in plantar flexion
  • Following the drive phase, there is the recovery phase; the leg is brought forward to initiate another stride:
  • The knee joint bends in a flexion movement
  • The hip flexes
  • The ankle joint adjusts in a dorsiflexion movement
• • While running movements occur at the hip, knee, and ankle joints
• In running when one leg is in the drive phase, the other leg is in the recovery phase
• Kicking

  • The leg swings backwards in preparation, then it swings forwards and straightens as the foot contacts the ball
  • The knee joint moves from bent to straight in an extension movement
  • The hip is in flexion
  • The ankle joint is in plantar flexion throughout thewhole movement
• In a kick the knee extends whilst the hip flexes and the ankle remains in plantar flexion
• Standing Vertical Jump

  • In a standing vertical jump the performer stands with feet shoulder-width apart and knees bent
  • They then propel themselves vertically upwards through the hips, knees and ankles 
  • The hip extends
  • There is extension in the knee joints
  • Plantar flexion occurs at the ankle joint
• Vertical jumps involve extension in the knee and hip and plantar flexion at the ankle
• Star Jumps

  • The perfromer jumps vertically into the air at the same time as spreading legs and arms to the sides to make a star shape
  • This is abduction at the shoulder and the arms and legs move away from the body
  • As the performer descends back to the ground the arms move back to their side and the legs move back together
  • This is adduction at the shoulder and the arms and legs move towards the body
• Abduction and adduction of the arms and legs occurs during a star jump
• Squats

  • The downward phase begins by bending at the hips and knees simultaneously to lower the body until the thighs are at least parallel to the ground
  • This gives a flexion movement in the hips
  • The knee joint is in flexion
  • Slight dorsiflexion is seen in the ankle joints
  • In the upward phase, the performer pushes back up through the heels and midfoot to the starting position
  • The hips extend
  • The knee joints extend
  • Slight plantar flexion occurs at the ankle joints
• Cricket bowling

  • In cricket, the bowler runs up to the bowling crease and swings the dominant arm backward and then forward in a circular motion
  • This leads to rotation movement at the shoulder joint
  • Extension also occurs at the shoulder joint
  • Circumduction occurs at the shoulder and the arm moves in a circle
• Bowling in cricket uses rotation and extension movements in the shoulder, and circumduction in the arm
• Swimming - freestyle

  • The arm goes through a range of movement types:
  • When the arm bends upwards there is a flexion at the elbow
  • Reaching forward involves extension at the elbow
  • Abduction occurs at the shoulder and the arm sweeps away from the body
  • Adduction occurs at the shoulder and the arm pulls back towards the body
  • Circumduction at the shoulder means that the arm carries out a circular movement
• Swimming front crawl involves circumduction in order to maximise propulsion