liquids

• Pressure = Force / Area
• Force= mass x acceleration (N)
• SI unit for pressure is the pascal (Pa), and 1 Pa = 1 N/m2.
• Standard Atmospheric Pressure (PA) is 1.01 × 10^5 Pa
• Archimedes’ Principle: A body wholly or partly immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. The buoyant force can be considered to act vertically upward through the center of gravity of the displaced fluid.
• Archimedes principle:

  
• Fluid Flow or Discharge Rate(J): When a fluid that fills a pipe flows through the pipe with an average speed v, the flow rate J is: J=Av, where A is the cross sectional area of the pipe.
• The SI unit of J are m3/s
• Equation of Continuity: Suppose an incompressible (constant-density) fluid fills a pipe and flows through it. Suppose further that the cross- sectional area of the pipe is A1 at one point and A2 at another. Since the flow

  through A1 must equal the flow through A2, one hasJ=A1v1=A2v2=constant

  where υ1 and υ2 are the average fluid speeds across A1 and A2, respectively.
• The Work Done by a Pressure P acting on a surface of area A as the surface moves through a distance ∆x normal to the surface (thereby displacing a volume AΔx =ΔV) is

  
• Bernoulli's equation for the steady flow of a continuous stream of fluid: P1+1/2 pv1^2+h1pg=P2+1/2 pv2^2+h2pg. where

  h=height

  v=speed

  p=density

  P=absolute pressure.

  g=acceleration due to gravity