L5 | RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• RESPIRATION

  • Gas exchange
  • Act of breathing in and breathing out
• • INSPIRATION - Breathing in / inhalation
  • EXPIRATION - Breathing out / exhalation
• GOALS OF RESPIRATION

  1. Distribute air and blood flow for gas exchange
  2. Provide oxygen to cells in body tissues
  3. Remove carbon dioxide from body
  4. Maintain constant homeostasis for metabolic needs
• FUNCTIONS OF RESPIRATION

  1. Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation
  2. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide b/w alveoli and blood
  3. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues
  4. Regulation of ventilation and respiration
• MAJOR FUNCTIONS

  1. Air distributions
  2. Gas exchange

  OTHER FUNCTIONS

  1. Filter, warm and humidify air
  2. Also associated with olfaction and speech
• PATH OF AIR

  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Lungs
• 2 TYPES OF RESPIRATION

  1. External respiration
  2. Internal respiration
• EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

  • Mechanics of breathing
  • Movement of gases into and out of body
  • Gas transfer from lungs -> tissue of body
  • Maintain body and cellular homeostasis
• INTERNAL RESPIRATION

  • Intracellular oxygen metabolism
  • Cellular transformation
  • Krebs cycle
  • Aerobic ATP generation
  • Mitochondria and oxygen utilization
• INHALATION

  • Chest expands
  • Diaphragm contracts
• EXHALATION

  • Chest contracts
  • Diaphragm relaxes
• NASAL CAVITY

  • Where respiration starts
• PHARYNX

  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
• NASOPHARYNX

  • Receives air for surroundings
  • Contains the opening to the auditory (eustachian) tube
  • Help keep pressure equal between the middle and external ear
• OROPHARYNX

  • Receives food and air from the mouth
  • The epiglottis stops food from getting into lungs
• LARYNGOPHARYNX

  • Carries air to the trachea towards the lungs
  • Contains the vocal cords
• LARYNX

  • Also known as the voice box
  • Located below the pharynx
• TRACHEA

  • Being right under the larynx
  • Exterior: made of C shaped cartilage with soft tissue in between
  • Interior: lined with respiratory epithelium
  • Connects throat and bronchi
• PATH OF AIR (INSIDE THE LUNG)

  1. Main bronchi
  2. Bronchial branches
  3. Bronchiole
  4. Terminal sacs
  5. Alveoli
• BRONCHI

  • Branch out into smaller tubes inside the lungs
  • Part of the respiratory tree
  • Becomes bronchioles and will end with little elastic sacs called alveoli
• ALVEOLI

  • Where gas exchange happens via diffusion into the capillaries
  • Gas exchange happens in type 1 cells
  • Oxygen then binds to the hemoglobin in blood to make oxyhemoglobin which can carry oxygen to the cells
  • Type 2 cells make surfactant
  • Substance that prevents alveoli for collapsing and reduces surface tension when we breath
• EUPNEA

  • Normal breathing
• INSPIRATION

  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostal muscles
• EXPIRATION

  • Internal intercostal
  • Abdominal muscles
• TIDAL VOLUME

  • Amount of air we normally breath
• VITAL CAPACITY

  • Largest amount of air we can breath out at one time
• EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

  • Air you can force out after tidal volume
• INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

  • Air you can force in after tidal volume
• EPITHELIUM

  • Contain cilia
• AREAS IN THE BLOOD VESSELS THAT DETECT THE AMOUNT OF OXYGEN IN THE BLOOD

  • Carotid body (neck)
  • Aortic bodies (chest)
• RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

  A) Nasal cavities

  B) Nose

  C) Mouth

  D) Nasopharynx

  E) Oropharynx

  F) Epiglottis

  G) Esophagus

  H) Larynx

  I) Trachea

  J) Bronchioles

  K) Bronchi