Ethnicity

• What are the main social groups linked with religiosity in the study material?

  Ethnicity and class
• What is the significance of the UK's multi-ethnic, multi-religious society?

  It shows clear ethnic patterns in religious participation
• Which ethnic groups are noted for higher religious participation in the UK?

  Muslims, Hindus, and non-white Christians
• What percentage of the UK population identifies as Christian?

  Approximately 72%
• Who found that black African and Caribbean people are twice as likely to attend church as whites?

  Brierley (2013)
• How do Muslims, Hindus, and black Christians view their religion compared to white Christians?

  They see it as more important and attend weekly
• What percentage of black Africans and Caribbeans are found in Pentecostal Churches?

  40%
• What does Bruce (1996) argue about religion for ethnic minorities?

  It acts as a form of cultural defense
• What external threats might ethnic minorities face that religion helps defend against?

  Assimilation policies and active racism
• How does Bird (1999) describe the role of religion among minority groups?

  As a basis for community solidarity
• In what ways does maintaining religious commitment help cultural identity?

  It preserves language, marriage patterns, and cooking
• Why did some black Africans and Caribbeans join or found black-led churches?

  They felt unwelcome in white churches
• What historical context led to the founding of Pentecostalism in the UK?

  Racism experienced by Afro-Caribbean immigrants
• What did Brierley (2013) find evidence of in London regarding new churches?

  Growth of churches catering to specific languages
• What did Modood et al (1994) find about the importance of religion among ethnic groups?

  It is declining, especially among the second generation
• How does Bruce (1996) describe religion's role during immigration?

  As a form of cultural transition
• What support does religion provide for minority ethnic groups during immigration?

  A sense of community and support
• What did Herberg (1955) argue about first-generation immigrants in the USA?

  High levels of religious participation aid transition
• How has religion historically supported various immigrant communities in the UK?

  Provided a focal point for community identity
• What role do places of worship play for immigrant communities?

  Act as community centers and provide language classes
• What happens to religious participation after a group transitions into wider society?

  Participation may decline significantly
• What did Ken Pryce (1979) study in Bristol?

  The African Caribbean community
• How does Pryce describe Pentecostalism for migrants?

  As a highly adaptive 'religion of the oppressed'
• What role does Pentecostalism play for African Caribbeans in British society?

  Encourages self-reliance and thrift
• How does Rastafarianism differ from other religions for some African-Caribbeans?

  It radically rejects the wider society
• What social classes are overrepresented in churches?

  Upper and upper-middle classes
• What did Ashworth and Farthing (2007) find about church attendance?

  It is largely a middle-class pursuit
• Who tends to have the lowest proportion of regular churchgoers?

  Manual working classes
• Why might working-class individuals feel uncomfortable in churches?

  Church leaders often come from privileged backgrounds
• What is the relationship between the poorest social groups and church attendance?

  They have the highest proportion of non-attendees
• What does Marx argue about the use of religion among the poorest groups?

  They should use it for compensation
• Which denominations appeal to lower middle and upper working classes?

  Those with the highest proportions of working-class membership
• What do sects provide for the most deprived social groups?

  A means of coping with their disadvantage
• What attracts marginalized groups to sects?

  The rejection of wider society's rules and values
• Who do successful sects typically attract?

  Young counter-culture groups seeking radical change
• What demographic do many New Religious Movements (NRMs) appeal to?

  Young middle classes feeling relatively deprived
• What do cults attract in terms of social demographics?

  A cross-section of society, including marginalized groups
• What do Bruce (1995) and Heelas (1996) suggest about New Age Movements?

  They appeal most to affluent middle classes
• What do New Age Movements like yoga and meditation appeal to?

  Middle-class women who can afford them
• What do astrology and fortune telling appeal to?

  Working-class women's fatalistic beliefs