Religion & Deviance

• What is globalisation in the context of religion?

  Connection of cultures due to various factors
• How does secularisation theory view the relationship between development and religion?

  It suggests development undermines religion
• What does Weber's claim about the Protestant Ethic suggest?

  It contributed to the rise of modern capitalism
• What role does Hinduism play in Indian society today?

  It legitimates the prosperity of the middle class
• What social changes has globalisation brought to Indian society?

  Creation of a prosperous urban middle class
• According to secularisation theories, what should the urban middle class adopt?

  A secular worldview and lose religiosity
• What did the 2007 survey by the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies find about Indian religiosity?

  Indians are becoming more religious
• What percentage of Indians stated their religiosity declined in the last five years?

  5%
• How do urban, educated Indians compare to illiterate rural counterparts in terms of religiosity?

  Urban, educated Indians are more religious
• What trend has been observed in religious tourism in India?

  Growth due to increased wealth
• What does Nanda (2008) reject as an explanation for Hinduism's popularity?

  Existential security theory
• How has traditional Hinduism's view on materialism changed?

  It now supports the desire for wealth
• What do extravagant rituals in modern Hinduism signify?

  Demonstration of individual wealth
• What does Nanda (2008) believe about the norms of Hinduism?

  They evolved to support wealth pursuit
• What role do tele-gurus play in modern Hinduism?

  They preach desire for better things
• How has modern Hinduism adapted to globalised capitalism?

  It supports social change and wealth pursuit
• What is one way Hinduism legitimates ultra-nationalism in India?

  By attributing success to Hindu values
• What did the Pew Global Attitudes Survey reveal about Indian culture?

  93% believe their culture is superior
• What has created a collective consciousness among Indians?

  Shared goals and ideas of Hinduism
• How has Hindu worship changed in relation to nationalism?

  It has become a form of civil religion
• How has Hinduism influenced government policy in India?

  Astrology taught in schools
• What unusual remedy has been promoted in India related to cows?

  Cow urine used for illnesses
• What social issue has arisen from Hinduism's perceived superiority?

  Increased tensions with non-Hindu Indians
• What does Berger (2003) argue about Pentecostalism in Latin America?

  It acts as a functional equivalent to Protestant ethic
• What lifestyle does Pentecostalism promote?

  Abstinence and hard work
• How does Pentecostalism encourage social mobility?

  Through discipline and hard work
• What does Berger agree with Weber about religion's role?

  A work ethic promotes economic development
• Where has a Pentecostalist middle class emerged?

  In Brazil and Chile
• What does Berger concede about Pentecostalism's effectiveness?

  It requires existing natural resources
• What has contributed to the globalisation of Christianity?

  Expansion outside of Europe
• What does Lehmann (2002) attribute to colonisation?

  Imposition of Christianity on indigenous populations
• How has Pentecostalism gained followers in poorer populations?

  By incorporating local beliefs into Christianity
• What is a key feature of Pentecostalism's global message?

  Link to the Christian Holy Spirit
• How does Pentecostalism adapt to local customs?

  By blending with local traditions
• What are the two ways religion and development are connected in society today?

  1. Hinduism legitimates the prosperity of the middle class in India.
  2. Pentecostalism encourages economic development in Latin America.
• How has globalisation changed the use of religion?

  • Increased religiosity among educated urban populations.
  • Religion as a status symbol and part of identity.
• What are the explanations of the relationship between global development and religion?

  • Secularisation theory: development undermines religion.
  • Religion as a driver of economic growth and social change.