PPT 16.1

• MOST COMMONLY USED DATA TECHNIQUES

  1. Interview
  2. Documentary Analysis
  3. Observation
  4. Questionnaire
  5. Physiological measures
  6. Psychological traits
• INTERVIEW

  • Instrument: interview schedule
  • Can be conducted with:
  • Single person
  • Group of people (focus group interview)
• INTERVIEW

  • Life histories are narratives or self disclosures about an individual’s life experiences.
  • Traditionally, data obtained may be recorded on audiotapes or videotapes.
• 3 TYPES OF INTERVIEW

  1. STRUCTURED
  2. UNSTRUCTURED
  3. SEMI STRUCTURED
• STRUCTURED

  • Conduct of questioning follows a particular sequence and has a well defined content
• UNSTRUCTURED

  • Can be in the form of normal conversation or a free wheeling exchange of ideas.
• SEMI STRUCTURED

  • Specific set of questions, but additional probes may be done in an open ended or close ended manner.
• DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS

  • Used to analyze primary and secondary sources that are available mostly in churches, schools, public or private offices, hospitals, or in community, municipal, and city halls.
• OBSERVATION

  • Process or technique enables the researcher to participate actively in the research.
  • Instrument: Observation guide or observation checklist
• DIMENSIONS TO CONSIDER

  1. Focus of observation - concealment; condition wherein the subject of observation does not know that he/she is being observed.
  2. Duration
  3. Method of recording the observations
• 2 TYPES OF OBSERVATION

  1. STRUCTURED
  2. UNSTRUCTURED
• STRUCTURED

  • Data collection tool: checklist
  • Specifies expected behaviors of interest and the researcher records the frequency of the occurrences of these behaviors.
• UNSTRUCTURED

  • Researcher observes things as they happen.
  • Conducts the observation without any preconceived ideas about what will be observed.
• QUESTIONNAIRE

  • Commonly used in the research
  • List of questions about a particular topic, with spaces provided for the response to each question, and intended to be answered by a number of persons.
• QUESTIONNAIRE

  • vLess expensive, yields more honest responses, guarantees confidentiality, and minimizes biases based on question-phrasing modes.
• 2 TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

  1. STRUCTURED
  2. UNSTRUCTURED
• STRUCTURED

  • Provide possible answers (options) and respondents just have to select from them.
• UNSTRUCTURED

  • Do not provide options and the respondents are free to give whenever answer they want.
• PHSYIOLOGICAL MEASURES

  • Involves the collection of physical data from the subjects.
  • Considered more accurate and objective
• PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS

  • Include personality inventories and projective techniques
• PERSONALITY INVENTORIES

  • Self reported measures that assess the differences in personality
  • Involve gathering information from a person through questions or statements that require responses or reactions.
• PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

  • Subject is presented with a stimulus designed to be ambiguous or vague
  • The person is asked to describe the stimulus or tell what the stimulus appears to represent.