Social and Dispositional Factors

• What does the bystander effect state?

  The more people present, the less likely help is given
• What was the main finding of Darley and Latané's study on bystander intervention?


  Participants alone reported seizures more than those with others
• If a participant thought they were alone, what percentage reported the seizure in the study?

  85%
• What percentage of participants reported the seizure when four others were present?

  31%
• What factor influences the decision to help in emergencies according to Faul et al.?


  Cost of helping
• What are the costs associated with helping someone?

  Danger to self or embarrassment
• What are the costs of not helping someone?

  Guilt, blame, leaving another in need
• What does the cost-reward model describe?

  Balance between costs and rewards of helping
• How did the interpretation of a situation affect intervention rates in Shotland and Straw's study?

  Intervention rates varied based on the woman's statements
• What percentage of bystanders intervened when the woman shouted, ‘I don’t know you’?

  65%
• What percentage of bystanders intervened when the woman shouted, ‘I don’t know why I married you’?

  19%
• How does similarity to the victim influence helping behavior?

  Identifying with the victim increases likelihood of help
• What was the finding regarding Manchester United fans helping a runner?

  They helped more if the runner wore their shirt
• What limits the effect of similarity on helping behavior?

  High costs or ambiguous situations can limit helping
• Who is more likely to help in emergency situations according to expertise?

  People with specialist skills
• What was the finding regarding registered nurses helping a workman?

  They were more likely to help in emergencies
• How did the Red Cross training affect helping behavior according to Shotland and Heinold?

  Higher quality help but no increased likelihood to help