Patterns of ethnic inequality

• Modood


  Economic differences between minority groups is more important than the black-white divide. We should reject the racial dualism model
• Platt


  British white women are paid more than Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Black African women.
• Professor Sue


  Ethnic minorities face micro aggressions such as 'where are you really from?' Overt racism is rare but these passive aggressive questions make the individual feel like an outsider.
• 27% of ethnic minorities had experienced racist jokes, 26% had been made to feel uncomfortable at work.
• Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) 


  People from Pakistani and Bangladeshi backgrounds are more likely to be self-employed due to racism in the recruitment system. Lower average wage, no holiday pay or sick pay.
• Davidson


  There is a concrete ceiling for minority women that prevents them advancing in the workplace. Difficult for them to break this due to both racism and sexism.
• Rollock 


  Black women make up 0.1% of active professors
• Runnymede Trust


  Only 15 black academics in British university system perform senior management roles
• Brown and Gay 


  Sent job applications with identical qualifications but gave each candidate a white, black, or Asian name. The white candidate got twice as many offers. Racial bias in recruitment.
• Sewell Report


  Unemployment rates are significantly high for people from black, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi backgrounds which shows the under-representation at the top of the ladder.
• Heath and McMahon 


  There is an 'ethnic penalty' that leads minority groups to not be as successful as similarly qualified whites. There is an unexplained gap between whites and minorities in terms of labour market achievements. Ethnic minorities face a 'pay penalty' as they earn less than their white colleagues. Black male graduates were paid 17% less than their white peers
• UK women's budget group


  Pakistani and Bangladeshi women are more likely to work in the public sector so are more exposed to pay freezes and loss of employment than any other group.