States of matter

• Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.
• The state of matter in which a substance exist depends mainly on its pressure and temperature.
• H2O can exist in all three states
• Solids have rigid shapes of fixed volume and are not easily compressible with little space in between particles.
• Increasing temperature increases kinetic energy and causes particles to move faster.
• Matter is composed of individual tiny particles known as atoms and can be classified into three categories: solids, liquids, and gases.
• A solid has a definite shape and a fixed volume, while liquids have no definite shape but a definite volume.
• Liquids will take the shape of their container, while solids do not.
• Liquids are fluid and can flow, while solids are rigid and do not have that ability.
• Density is equal to the mass divided by the volume, with solids having a very high density and liquids having a high density.
• The density of a solid is usually greater than the density of a liquid, with exceptions like liquid water which has a higher density than solid water, known as ice.
• Gases have a very low density and are highly compressible, while solids and liquids have a fairly higher density and are only slightly compressible.
• The density of air at 20 degrees Celsius is around 1.2 kilograms per cubic meter, while the density of liquid water is around a thousand kilograms per cubic meter, making liquid water much heavier than air.
• Gases are characterized by particles that are very far apart from each other, allowing for compression.
• Phase change is the process by which a substance can transition from one state of matter to another.
• Melting is the process of converting a solid into a liquid.
• Vaporization is the process of converting a liquid into a gas.
• Sublimation is the process of transitioning from a solid to a gas without passing through a liquid phase.
• Endothermic processes need to absorb heat to occur.
• Exothermic processes release heat as they occur.
• Freezing is the process of converting a liquid into a solid.
• Condensation is the process of converting a gas into a liquid.
• Deposition is the process of converting a gas into a solid.
• Recombination is the process of transitioning from a plasma to a gas state.
• The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
• In solids, there are strong forces of attraction between the particles which hold them all close together in a fixed position to form a regular lattice structure.
• If we heat up a solid, its particles gain more energy and start to vibrate even more, weakening the forces between them and melting the solid into a liquid.
• If we heat up a liquid, the particles will gain more energy and move around faster, weakening the forces holding the particles together and causing the liquid to boil or evaporate into a gas.
• In gases, the force of attraction between the different particles is very weak so they're basically free to move around by themselves, meaning that gases don't keep a definite shape or volume and instead will always fill a container as they spread out as much as possible.
• If we heat up a gas, the particles will gain more energy and either expand if the container it's in is expandable like a balloon or if the container is fixed then the pressure will just increase.
• If we cool the gas down enough, the particles won't have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them and so bonds will start to form between the particles condensing the gas into a liquid.
• A solid is a material that is generally not compressible, meaning that if you put a pressure on it, you can't squish it.
• The quickest way to answer a problem of this kind is to draw a graph with the given material's boiling point and melting point, and then determine the phase it will be in at a given temperature.
• If a substance's boiling point is minus 50 degrees, its freezing point or melting point is minus 180 degrees, and the temperature is minus 75 degrees, it will be in a liquid state.
• Liquid oxygen, dry ice, solid carbon dioxide, liquid ammonia are examples of substances that can exist in different phases.
• The solid state of a substance transforms into a liquid state at its melting point, which is also known as the freezing point.
• The solid state of a substance transforms into a gas state at its boiling point, also known as the evaporation point.
• Sublimation is a process where a substance transitions from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, often seen in dry ice and iodine.
• The zero degrees Celsius point, also known as the freezing point, is the temperature at which a solid state transforms into a liquid state.
• The boiling point, also known as the evaporation point, is the temperature at which a solid state transforms into a gas state.