SOCIAL INFLUENCE

• Who devised the baseline procedure to measure conformity?

  Solomon Asch
• What percentage of participants conformed at least once in Asch's study?

  75%
• What variables did Asch investigate that affected conformity?

  • Group size
  • Unanimity
  • Task difficulty
• How did Asch vary the group size in his study?

  Between 1 and 15 confederates
• What was the relationship between group size and conformity according to Asch's findings?

  It was curvilinear
• What happened to conformity rates when more than three confederates were added?

  Conformity leveled off
• How did task difficulty affect conformity in Asch's study?

  Conformity increased with task difficulty
• What are the types of conformity identified in the study material?

  • Internalisation
  • Identification
  • Compliance
• What is internalisation in the context of conformity?

  Genuine acceptance of group norms
• What does identification involve in terms of conformity?

  Valuing the group and wanting to belong
• What is compliance in the context of conformity?

  Temporary agreement with the group
• What is informational social influence (ISI)?

  Desire to be right in ambiguous situations
• When is ISI most likely to occur?

  In new or ambiguous situations
• What is normative social influence (NSI)?

  Desire to behave like others and avoid rejection
• When is NSI most likely to occur?

  In unfamiliar situations with known individuals
• What was the aim of Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment?

  • Investigate the effect of social roles on conformity
  • 21 male student volunteers participated
  • Randomly allocated to guard or prisoner roles
• What were the two routes through which social roles were encouraged in Zimbardo's study?

  Uniform and instructions about behaviour
• How did the guards treat the prisoners in Zimbardo's study?

  They treated them harshly
• What was the outcome for prisoners after the rebellion in Zimbardo's study?

  They became subdued, anxious, and depressed
• How long did Zimbardo's study last?

  Six days instead of 14
• What was the role of the confederate in Milgram's study?

  He was the 'Learner'
• What was the maximum voltage in Milgram's shock experiment?

  450 volts
• What situational variable affected obedience in Milgram's study related to proximity?

  Closeness of Teacher and Learner
• How did obedience change when the Teacher and Learner were in the same room?

  Obedience dropped to 40%
• What effect did a uniform have on obedience in Milgram's study?

  It symbolized legitimate authority
• What is an agentic shift?

  Moving to an agentic state
• What are binding factors in the context of obedience?

  They reduce moral strain
• What does legitimacy of authority refer to?

  Obeying people higher in social hierarchy
• How do leaders use legitimate powers according to Milgram?

  For destructive purposes
• What happens when a person is in an agentic state?

  They feel no personal responsibility
• What does autonomy mean in the context of obedience?

  Being independent or free
• What is the significance of the agentic state in Milgram's study?

  It explains obedience to authority figures
• What is the relationship between social roles and behavior in Zimbardo's study?

  Social roles strongly influenced behavior
• What was the psychological impact on prisoners in Zimbardo's study?

  They showed signs of psychological disturbance
• What was the main conclusion of Milgram's obedience study?

  We obey legitimate authority despite harm
• What did Milgram's study reveal about people's behavior towards authority?

  People obey even when causing harm
• What is the significance of the findings from Asch's and Milgram's studies?

  They highlight the power of social influence
• How do situational variables affect obedience according to Milgram?

  They influence the likelihood of obedience
• What role does authority play in obedience?

  Authority figures can compel obedience
• How does the presence of a dissenting confederate affect conformity?

  It reduces conformity significantly