PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

• What are the three categories of phobias?

  Behavioural, emotional, cognitive
• What behaviours may be involved in a panic response to a phobic stimulus?

  Crying, screaming, or running away
• What is avoidance in the context of phobias?

  Effort to prevent contact with the phobic stimulus
• What does endurance refer to in phobias?

  Remaining with the phobic stimulus despite anxiety
• How is anxiety described in the context of phobias?

  An unpleasant state of high arousal
• What is fear in relation to phobias?

  The immediate response to a phobic stimulus
• How is the emotional response of a person with a phobia characterized?

  It is unreasonable and disproportionate to the threat
• What is selective attention in the context of phobias?

  Difficulty looking away from the phobic stimulus
• What are irrational beliefs in phobias?

  Beliefs that lead to excessive fear, e.g., blushing
• What are cognitive distortions in the context of phobias?

  Unrealistic thinking about certain stimuli
• What are some emotional symptoms of depression?

  Lowered mood and feelings of worthlessness
• How does depression affect activity levels?

  It reduces energy, making individuals lethargic
• What are the sleep and eating behavior disruptions in depression?

  Insomnia or hypersomnia, appetite changes
• How is aggression related to depression?

  Depression can lead to irritability and aggression
• What is the emotional state of a person with depression?

  They may feel worthless or empty
• How does anger manifest in depression?

  It can lead to aggression or self-harming behavior
• What are compulsions in OCD?

  Repetitive actions carried out ritualistically
• How do compulsions relate to anxiety in OCD?

  They reduce anxiety created by obsessions
• What is avoidance in the context of OCD?

  Avoiding situations that trigger anxiety
• What are obsessive thoughts in OCD?

  Recurring intrusive thoughts that cause distress
• What are cognitive coping strategies in OCD?

  Strategies like meditation to manage anxiety
• What does insight into excessive anxiety mean in OCD?

  Awareness that thoughts and behaviors are irrational
• What is attention to the negative in depression?

  Bias towards negative aspects and memories
• What is absolutist thinking in depression?

  Seeing situations as absolute disasters
• How does lowered self-esteem manifest in depression?

  Individuals may experience self-loathing
• What is systematic desensitization (SD) in treating phobias?

  • Gradual reduction of anxiety through counterconditioning
  • Phobic stimulus paired with relaxation techniques
  • Involves an anxiety hierarchy from least to most frightening
• What is flooding in the context of phobia treatment?

  • Immediate exposure to the phobic stimulus
  • No gradual build-up; direct confrontation
  • Aims to extinguish the fear response quickly
• What is statistical infrequency in defining abnormality?

  Defining abnormality based on rarity of behavior
• How is deviation from social norms defined?

  Behavior that differs from expected societal norms
• What are the consequences of behavior in defining abnormality?

  Judgments based on cultural context and norms
• What is failure to function adequately?

  Inability to cope with everyday living demands
• What are the signs of failure to cope according to Rosenhan and Seligman?

  Severe personal distress and irrational behavior
• What is deviation from ideal mental health?

  Identifying those who deviate from normal psychological health
• What are Jahoda's criteria for ideal mental health?

  1. No symptoms or distress
  2. Rational perception of self
  3. Self-actualization
  4. Ability to cope with stress
  5. Realistic view of the world
  6. Good self-esteem and lack of guilt
  7. Independence from others
  8. Ability to work, love, and enjoy leisure
• What is the two-process model in explaining phobias?

  Phobias are learned by classical conditioning and maintained by operant conditioning
• How does classical conditioning contribute to phobia acquisition?

  Association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
• What was demonstrated in the Little Albert experiment?

  Fear of rats was conditioned through loud noise
• What is generalization of fear in phobias?

  Fear response extends to similar stimuli
• What are the key components of the behavioural approach to explaining phobias?

  • Classical conditioning for acquisition
  • Operant conditioning for maintenance
  • Generalization of fear to similar stimuli
• What are the two processes involved in conditioning?

  Acquisition and maintenance