bact cultivation

• What does the verb "culture" refer to in bacterial cultivation?

  Propagating bacteria in culture media
• What is a subculture in bacterial cultivation?

  Transfer bacteria to another culture medium
• Which type of bacteria are gram positive?

  Fungi (yeast) and mycobacterium
• What type of bacteria are spirochetes?

  Gram negative and difficult to stain
• What does "Gram Variable" mean in bacteria?

  Shows variable reactions in one organism
• What can cause acquired Gram Variable reactions?

  Old cultures or antibiotic treatment
• What are the three major nutritional needs for microbial growth?

  Carbon, nitrogen, and energy sources
• What percentage of a bacterial cell's weight is made up of carbon?

  50%
• What is the role of nitrogen in microbial nutrition?

  Making proteins and nucleic acids
• What is the function of phosphate in microbial nutrition?

  For nucleic acids and phospholipids
• What are the classifications of bacteria based on nutritional needs?

  Autotrophs and heterotrophs
• What is the carbon source for autotrophs?

  CO2
• How do heterotrophs obtain their energy?

  By oxidation or fermentation of organic compounds
• What pH range is optimal for bacterial growth?

  Neutral, between 7.0 and 7.5
• What temperature range do mesophiles prefer for growth?

  20° to 40° C
• What type of bacteria are psychrophiles?

  Bacteria that thrive in cold temperatures
• What are obligate aerobes?

  Bacteria that require oxygen for growth
• What is the role of capnophiles in bacterial growth?

  Require extra carbon dioxide for growth
• What is the purpose of an incubator in bacterial cultivation?

  Maintains optimal temperature and humidity
• What is the function of a candle jar in bacterial incubation?

  Generates a CO2 concentration
• What is the purpose of anaerobic jars?

  To create an oxygen-free environment
• What is binary fission in bacteria?

  One cell divides into two cells
• What is the generation time for fast-growing bacteria like Escherichia coli?

  20 minutes
• What happens during the lag phase of bacterial growth?

  Bacteria prepare to divide
• What occurs during the stationary phase of bacterial growth?

  Nutrients become limited, numbers stabilize
• How is the number of bacteria determined through direct counting?

  By estimating under a microscope
• What is the main purpose of bacterial cultivation?

  To grow and isolate bacteria from specimens
• What are fastidious bacteria?

  Bacteria with special nutritional requirements
• What is the function of enrichment media?

  Enhances growth of specific bacterial pathogens
• What is the purpose of selective media?

  Inhibits growth of unwanted organisms
• What does differential media do?

  Distinguishes between different bacterial species
• What is the role of Brain-Heart Infusion (BHI) broth?

  To grow fastidious and nonfastidious microorganisms
• What is the purpose of Thioglycollate Broth?

  Creates an anaerobic environment for bacteria
• What is the significance of Blood Agar Plate (BAP)?

  Enriched medium for growing bacteria
• What does Chocolate Agar Plate (CAP) contain?

  Lysed red blood cells for nutrients
• What is the function of Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMB)?

  Inhibits gram-positive bacteria growth
• What does MacConkey Agar (MAC) differentiate?

  Lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermenters
• What is the role of Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar (PEA)?

  Inhibits gram-negative bacteria growth
• What does Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate Agar (XLD) indicate?

  Fermentation of xylose and H2S production
• What is the incubation duration for anaerobic bacteria?

  Longer than for aerobic bacteria