Coaching

• What is part practice?


  breaking a skill into smaller movements
• What is whole practice?


  Practicing the entire skill at once
• What is Massed practice?


  Longer but less frequent training sessions
• What is Distributed practice?


  Shorter but more frequent training sessions
• What is Blocked practice variability?


  Significant amount of time focused on specific skill
• What is Random practice variability?


  Short time on a specific skill, then moving on to a new skill, or taking a break
• Types of Feedback?

  Intrinsic and Augmented
• What is Intrinsic Feedback?

  Internal - can be visual, auditory, proprioception (internal receptors like hamstring stretching) and touch
• What is Augmented Feedback?

  External - can be from a teacher or parent. Acknowledges results and performance
• Benefits of feedback?

  Fix errors

  Motivation
• What is Direct/traditional approach to coaching/learning?

  • Coach makes all decisions (what to do, when to do it)
  • Beneficial for cognitive stages of learning of the fundamental skills
  • But athlete cannot make own decisions, in game.
  • External feedback
• Benefits of Direct Approach to coaching/learning?

  • Instructor keeps learners "on task"
  • Provides closed environment to assist beginner with learning skill
  • Facilitates cognitive stage skill learning
  • Improvements in practice performance are rapid compared with indirect instruction
  • Emphasis on mastering technique
  • Learner is provided a set of rules to guide decision making
• What is Constraint approach to coaching/learning?

  • Put in game situations in early stages of learning (learn by doing)
  • learner centered practice
  • how to perform skills in game situations
  • Indirect instructional method
  • Games (constraints) are modified
• Benefits of Constraint approach to coaching/learning?

  • Learns how to perform skills in game scenarios
  • Improves independence in decision making and skill execution
  • Facilitates perception-action coupling (relationship between what they see and the actions they take) eg: batsman predicting a bowlers type of bowling to do the optimal type of shot (action)
• Coaches manipulate constraints during practice for constraint based coaching. What are these constrains?


  Individual

  Environmental

  Task
• What is individual constraints?

  Physical, physiological, behavioral characteristics.

  eg: height, weight, fitness, confidence
• What is environmental constraints?

  Characteristics of the environment where performance occurs. Includes Social and Cultural factors. (cricket popular in India facilitates development of skills like batting and bowling)

  eg: weather, playing surface, peer influence, cultural norms
• What are task constraints?

  The goal of, rules of, and equipment used in the sport

  eg: smaller soccer ball, off-side, size of playing field
• Disadvantages to Constraints-based approach to coaching/learning?

  • May overwhelm learner
  • Technical skills may lack refinement
  • Lack of structure may allow difficulty coaching younger athletes
  • May take longer to achieve results
• Disadvantages of Direct Approach to coaching/learning?

  • could be boring and repetitive
  • Unable to apply learning in game situations, choke under pressure
  • Less self-dependent on learning, more dependent on coach
• In constraint-based approaches, what is Perception-action coupling?

  The reciprocal relationship between perception and actions. It is when what you perceive influences how you act, and how you act influences what you perceive.
• Stages of learning continuum?

  Cognitive Stage: basic, with no knowledge

  Associative Stage: refining technique, some errors but can fix independently

  Autonomous Stage: Skill is automatic (second nature), and has consistent performance.
• What is Qualitative Analysis?

  To analyse a performance to give feedback to create a better future outcome
• What is the first stage of Qualitative Analysis?

  Preparation:

  What skills are needed?

  Who is the performer?

  How will it be observed?

  What kind of feedback?
• What is the second stage of Qualitative Analysis?

  Observation:

  Watching or digitally recording the performance (in action)
• What is the third stage of Qualitative Analysis?

  Evaluation:

  Whats the problem?

  Whats its cause?

  Whats its solution?

  Must be valid, reliable and controlled.
• What is the 4th (last stage) of Qualitative Analysis?

  Error Correction:

  Feedback, practice modification, exaggeration, visual model, manual/mechanical guidance
• What are all the stages of Qualitative Analysis?

  1. Preparation
  2. Observation
  3. Evaluation
  4. Error Correction
• 3 main factors that influence movement?

  Individual, environmental and task constraints
• What are the types of individual constraints? Describe them.

  Structural constraint is related to the individual’s body structure (height, weight)

  Functional constraint is related to behaviors (skill learning, attention)
• What is Explicit learning in terms of coaching?

  Direct based coaching
• What is Implicit learning in terms of coaching?

  Constraint based coaching
• Practice Variability?

  Blocked - significant periods of time on one skill (closed environment)

  Random - short time on different skills (open environment)
• Practice Distribution?

  Massed Practice - longer but less frequent training sessions

  Distributed Practice - shorter but more frequent training sessions
• Practice Distribution?

  Ratio of Work to Rest
• Practice Variability?

  One skill over and over again

  OR

  Many skills in a random order