The haber process

• What is the harbour process used for?

  Industrial production of ammonia
• Why is the harbour process important?

  It produces ammonia for nitrogen-based fertilizers
• At what temperature is the harbour process conducted?

  450 degrees Celsius
• What pressure is used in the harbour process?

  200 atmospheres
• What role does the iron catalyst play in the harbour process?

  It speeds up the reaction without being consumed
• What percentage of air is nitrogen?

  78%
• How is hydrogen obtained for the harbour process?

  From hydrocarbons like methane
• What type of reaction is the harbour process?

  It is exothermic and reversible
• What are the steps in the harbour process?

  1. Mix nitrogen and hydrogen in a reaction vessel
  2. Maintain conditions at 450°C and 200 atm
  3. Use iron catalyst for the reaction
  4. Separate ammonia from unreacted gases
  5. Recycle unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen
• Why is ammonia separated from nitrogen and hydrogen?

  To recycle unreacted gases back into the process
• Why is a low temperature favored in the harbour process?

  To achieve a higher percentage yield of ammonia
• What is the compromise temperature chosen for the harbour process?

  450 degrees Celsius
• Why is high pressure used in the harbour process?

  To push the equilibrium to the right
• What are the practical considerations for using high pressure?

  Cost and safety concerns
• What is the best pressure for the harbour process?

  200 atmospheres
• What happens to the ammonia when it is cooled in the condenser?

  It condenses into liquid ammonia
• What happens to nitrogen and hydrogen in the condenser?

  They remain gaseous and are recycled
• How do temperature and pressure affect the harbour process?

  They influence yield and reaction rate
• What is the relationship between reaction rate and temperature in the harbour process?

  Higher temperature increases the reaction rate
• What is the effect of high pressure on the reaction rate?

  It increases the frequency of particle collisions
• Why is maintaining a high pressure expensive?

  It requires significant energy and safety measures
• What is the main challenge of the harbour process?

  Balancing yield, rate, cost, and safety
• What is the main product of the harbour process?

  Ammonia
• What is the significance of ammonia in agriculture?

  It is used to make nitrogen-based fertilizers